<p>Wah-Sut  is a town located south of Abydos in Middle Egypt. The name of the town indicates that it was originally built as an outlying part of Abydos, set up by the Egyptian state as the residency of the people working in and around the funerary complex of pharaoh Senusret III  of the Twelfth Dynasty, at the peak of the Middle Kingdom. This complex consists of the mortuary temple, the town of Wah-Sut and a tomb dug into the bed-rock beneath the Mountain of Anubis, a locally prominent hill with a pyramidal shape. The town continued to exist for at least another 150 years, well into the Thirteenth Dynasty, when it was close to a royal necropolis comprising the tombs of Neferhotep I and Sobekhotep IV . A document attests to its existence during the much later New Kingdom.</p><br>
<h2>Middle Kingdom Connections</h2><br>
<p>The town of Wah-sut was built during the Middle Kingdom in the 12th Dynasty. The Egyptian government built it for the workers of Senusret III’s mortuary temple. Senusret III reigned at the peak of the Middle Kingdom period, c. 1850 BCE. According To Joseph Wegner, this pharaoh set into motion many governmental changes, which established a break in the Middle Kingdom state (early and late). These changes created a difference in the early to late periods of the Middle Kingdom. Many texts have been found in the administrative records of this time period. Aside from these texts, the archaeological record shows proof of the changes as well. One major change made by Senusret III, which is found in significance at Wah-Sut, is the importance of Mayors. The Mayor’s work is done in the direct guidance of the officials of the royal government. They also are very important within the towns they are Mayor of as well as the complex of the town. They hold multiple titles within the community including heading the economic and administrative aspects of the town and temple. This degree of change of the government directly leads to a more centralized government.</p><br>
<p>There were many cultural and religious changes made in Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. The use of amulets as divine symbols increased drastically during this period. The Scarab Beetle became the most recognizable. It is known for its symbolization of the solar cycle and rebirth. Such amulets were found throughout the Wah-Sut complex in the form of seals of the government officials. They also seemed to be linked to burials as well as worn during life. Another religious symbol found during the Middle Kingdom are the magic wands.These wands are decorated with divine images and often hieroglyphs. These wands represent the same as the scarab amulets, the solar cycle and symbolizing rebirth. They have been found to be most used in childbirth rituals to protect the child and bring them into life healthy. They were then buried in the tombs of their female owners. Along with the magic wands, birth bricks were known to be used as well. They were similar to wands magically, but they were physically used during labor to make it easier for the women and to protect the baby. The combination of these physical aspects and some of the spells found textually lead to the understanding of Middle Kingdom rituals surrounding birth.</p><br>
<p>The complex at South Abydos shows the complexity of the cultural changes happening that define the Middle Kingdom. Being a Middle Kingdom government-built town, Wah-Sut was orthogonally laid on the cubit system. Both the town and the Mortuary Temple were made of the same mud-bricks, which shows that they were built at the same time and created for each other.</p><br>
<p>The town is mentioned several times in Egyptian texts. It appears with the full name of a Middle Kingdom papyrus found in Ramesseum. It is also mentioned in the Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446, that dates to the Thirteenth Dynasty. Furthermore, Wahsut appears in a list of towns in the tomb of the New Kingdom vizier Rekhmire.</p><br>
<h2>Excavators</h2><br>
<p>In 1901-1902, Charles Trick Currelly, Arthur E. P. Weigall, Ayrton and Flinders Petrie found the temple and tomb of Senusret III. The first season in South Abydos, they discovered the hidden tomb and a temple on the edge of the cultivation that is on axis. They also excavated the surrounding necropolis, including the royal tombs S9 and S10 of the late Middle Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The next archeologist to work at South Abydos came in 1994. Josef Wegner, working under David O. Conner, began his fieldwork in South Abydos in 1991. In 1994, he discovered part of the town at South Abydos. Ever since then, he has been working on the town and mortuary temple, which later came to be known as Wah-Sut.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation Findings of Senusret III Complex</h2><br>
<h3>Mortuary Temple</h3><br>
<p>The mortuary temple of Senusret III is located outside the town walls of Wah-Sut to the north along the cultivation line. It was used by the cult of Senusret III to honor him after his death. A town, built by the government, was close by to house those who used and took care of the temple. Archeological evidence shows that the temple was used to honor the King. This evidence comes the construction of the temple as well as what is found in the areas surrounding the temple.</p><br>
<p>The temple itself was built of limestone with a mudbrick exterior wall. The main entrance consisted of a mudbrick pylon with a gate entrance. Leading up to the gate was a causeway leading from the cultivation. This entrance seemed only to be used during cult rituals. There were side doors leading into the temple for all other access. The main entrance led to the central court where only cult activities and very special occasions occurred. The interior of the temple consisted of three main chambers each devoted to a different function, and there were interior streets, which were used in order to access the chambers on either side of the central chamber. This was meant to keep the central chamber sacred.</p><br>
<p>The west block consisted of housing and administrative quarters and is</p><br>
<p>separated into three different units consisting of multiple rooms of different sizes. In the rooms thought to be housing units, they found hearths and domestic ceramics. Ceramics used for cooking were found which dated to the later part of the Twelfth Dynasty. This helped point to the functions of these rooms. A waste deposit, called a refuse, was found along the outside of the west temple walls. Inside this refuse, they found a variety of pottery used for cooking and household practices as well as administrative seals and debris. The finding of these seals leads to the belief that this section of the temple must have been used to house the administrative employees who worked in the temple. Those who would have stayed in the west block would have been the administrative personnel on duty, such as the temple overseer, phyle director, and temple scribe as well as those who help them.</p><br>
<p>The east block was composed of five separate units that were not quite as preserved as the west block. Based on what they found left behind, the east block seemed to be used for both long and short-term storage for cult activities, preparation for priesthood and cult activities, and post ritual activities. Much of the info about the east block came from its refuse deposit, which was located directly behind the east side of the temple. It contained large amounts of ceramics (most of them whole), animal bones, and mud jar stoppers. Much of what was found seemed to come from the cult activities of the galleries.</p><br>
<p>There was also a refuse deposit for the central chamber. It was found in front and to the side of the main entrance of the temple. The ceramics that were found were all very similar which made it look like the trash came from the activities of the cult activities. Many beaker jars were found representing liquid offering, most likely in the form of beer. Also found here were many administrative seals.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the temple, between the temple and the town, a production field was found. An area fill of pottery sherds was found covering almost 6000 square meters. Pottery linked to the production of bread and beer were found in abundance in the area. A building has been found not very far from the eastern entrance of the temple, which seemed to be linked to the storage in the galleries of the east block. About 50 meters east of the temple there seem to be another cluster of buildings that may have been used as supply and storage rooms for the production area. This production area seems to have been used by the cult for the temple activities.</p><br>
<h3>Hidden tomb</h3><br>
<p>The tomb of Senusret III was discovered in 1902 by Arthur Weigall. It is placed at the base of the desert cliffs surrounded by a t-shaped mudbrick enclosure wall. He deduced who the tomb belonged to based on it being on axis with the Mortuary Temple of Senusret III. In the next few years, Currelly examined the interior of the tomb. He found a 170 meter long subterranean tomb leading under the gebel (cliff).</p><br>
<p>Currelly tells us of the interior of the tomb. When he entered it, it had been completely plundered. The walls and ceiling of the first main chamber were made of fine white limestone blocks. The ceiling looked to be carved of long poles placed side by side. It was very exquisitely carved. Off of this chamber, were two long passages into the cliffs. These rooms were not lines in stone, but the rock was carefully cut out and roughly polished. They were both very large but this is where the tomb ends. In the limestone chamber, Currelly found evidence of the plunderers chiseling into the walls and ceilings looking for more. When they got through the ceiling they found yet another passageway above it. This area was set up just like the first set, with two chambers off if it. The main passage lines in fine white limestone and the ones off of it polished. Behind the walls of one of these rooms, yet another passageway was found. This “plug” as Currelly called it was 64 feet from the outer passage and was pure granite. The plunderers had to create a tunnel under it to get through. They also made a tunnel to the side of the plug and ended up dropping into yet another room. This was lined with blocks of quartzite sandstone the exact side of the walls. Beyond this was another passageway made up of nothing but the natural rock. This led to the final room which was again lines with the same quartzite sandstone as the previous room. In this room, laid a great sarcophagus made of red granite. Inside was a canopic box made of granite with a quartzite lid. Alabaster dishes were found smashed, more than likely by the plunderers, along the inside, but there was nobody found. There were no inscriptions found in the tomb or on the sarcophagus. Currelly believed the plundering occurred at the end of the twelfth dynasty.</p><br>
<h3>Town of Wah-Sut</h3><br>
<p>The town of Wah-Sut was first found in 1901-1902 by Currelly but he believed them to be a part of the New Kingdom temple of Ahmose. The pictures that he shows of where the houses were, shows them equidistant from the Senusret III temple and that of Ahmose, but right next to where Building A has been found. The exact size of the town will never be able to be determined because much of it lays under the modern town that it there now as well as the cultivation area.</p><br>
<h4>Mayor’s House</h4><br>
<p>The Mayor’s House, or Building A as it was first known, was originally found in 1994. During the first couple seasons, 1994 and 1997, Wegner and his team uncovered a majority of the building. The main area of the building is the central residence. The main entrance of the residence is a columned portico off of a large courtyard. Beyond the portico are three large rooms, which are the main part of the residence. Off of the main rooms are nine smaller rooms and a smaller courtyard. The smaller rooms would have been the sleeping chambers and rooms associated with them. The courtyard attached to the portico was completely paved like the rest of the central residence and seemed to be used for food preparation and storage based on the storage bins built into the outside walls, the amount of pottery found littered around, and the about of organic material discovered. Behind the main residence is office space used by the mayor and his administration.</p><br>
<p>During the 1999 excavation, Wegner and his team uncovered a 10-block granary, a series of secondary storage structures, activities done on the west side of the building, and excavated the Northwest corner of the building. This block style granary only shows up in the archaeological record during the Twelfth Dynasty. It served as a high volume functioning granary based on deposits found inside the rooms. The size and location of the granary, next to the large central courtyard, suggests that the mayoral residence runs the towns economy and the smaller residences depend on it for their grains. It was also discovered that the granary was later transformed into residences for a woman named Reniseneb, who was a kings daughter, during the Thirteenth Dynasty and the courtyard was turned into a granary court.</p><br>
<p>As mentioned, there were other findings in Building A during the 1999 excavation. The activity found on the external west side of Building A included a water supply chamber. The water supply chamber was a subterranean room with thick walls and littered with broken necked water jars. They also found an extreme amount of nabaq seeds. These are fruit trees that can be used in bread, eaten alone, or for medicine. Many of the fruits were found decomposed on the ground, meaning that they did not seem to be using them for nutrient properties. They seem to be used as windbreaks from the desert or gardening for the wealthy. The north-west corner of the building was also excavated. The findings here are what look to be a series of smaller residence like rooms.</p><br>
<h4>Elite Houses</h4><br>
<p>The ‘’’Elite houses’’’ at Wah-Sut are found along the grid with Building A. They are labeled B-F. These houses are very large but not quite as large as the Mayor’s house. They are situated in sets of four houses connected each 100 cubits in size. In 1999, Wegner and his team excavated a majority of buildings B and D. From what is discovered, the housed to be exact parallels of each other, they are small versions of the central residence of the Mayor&#39;s house. The entrance of the main residence of these two houses is a portico followed by the three main rooms. Beyond those rooms are the subsidiary rooms and living quarters. Each house has a decent size courtyard in front of the portico and some administrative rooms just like the Mayor’s house.</p><br>
<p>The mansions that are found in 1902 by Currelly are also on axis with the Mayor’s house. As seen in the map of the town, for the most part, are set up exactly like Building B and D. For these reasons as well as the proximity to the Wah-Sut site they are definitely believed to be a part of the town.</p><br>
<h4>Birth Brick</h4><br>
<p>The birth brick as briefly mentioned above is a magical item which is used in childbirth. One such brick has been found, while it is mentioned many times in texts that have been found. This one brick was found by Wegner and his team at Wah-Sut in 2002. It is made of unfired brick measuring 17x35cm and painted with the divine images. It is used to magically protect both children and mothers during childbirth.The bottom face of the brick depicts a mother holding her born child, flanked by two women who seem to be mid-wives and priestesses of Hathor who have helped the mother give birth to the child. Behind them is the symbol of the goddess Hathor, a horned cow head perched upon a stick. The goddess Hathor is closely related to fertility and childbirth among other things. The side of the birth brick, which seems to be the top and the most important, has been destroyed over time.</p><br>
<p>The birth brick could have been used as a meskhenet brick. These bricks were used in the physical birthing process. A set of four of the bricks were set up, two bricks stacked together and laid out parallel to one other. The pregnant woman would then stand on them and squat to give birth. While this was happening, there may have been someone using a magic spell to protect the child as well as is done with the magic wands. The birth brick was found in building A in the Northwest quadrant. As mentioned before, this area was originally a granary, which underwent a huge change during the 13th dynasty. It was turned into a habitation area for Reniseneb. The main part of this area was the 7 room residential area. This is where the brick was found. The actual room in which it was used seemed to be a storage area and was probably not where it was actually used but where it was moved during disturbances after the town was no longer in use. The find of the Birth Brick does lead us to the evidence of female habitation in this quadrant of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Cuckoo Stone is a Neolithic or Bronze Age standing stone. The stone, which is now fallen, is in a field near to Woodhenge and Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, England. It is part of the wider Stonehenge Landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Cuckoo Stone is a squat sarsen stone which lies on its side. It the same type of stone as the largest stones used in the Stonehenge circle. The site of Woodhenge is around 500 metres to the east of the Cuckoo Stone, with Durrington Walls to the northeast. Stonehenge is around 2.5 kilometres to the southwest. The Cuckoo Stone was recorded by Richard Colt-Hoare on his 1810 map of the Stonehenge landscape. The nearest other known sarsen stone is that found within Woodhenge during excavations in 1926-28.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated in 2007 as part of the Stonehenge Riverside Project. The excavations revealed the pit in which the stone once sat immediately to the west. The stone was originally a natural feature, which sometime before 2000 BC, was placed in an upright position. A posthole was found in the pit, indicating that a wooden post had been placed in the hole for a time before being replaced by the upright stone. Around 2000 BC the Cuckoo Stone became the focus for several nearby cremation burials.</p><br>
<p>In the Roman era a rectangular building was constructed southwest of the Cuckoo Stone. The presence of pits and a scatter of coins suggest that the building was a small shrine.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site of Menelaion   is located approximately 5 km from the modern city of Sparti. The geographical structure of this site includes a hill complex . The archaic name of the place is mentioned as Therapne .</p><br>
<h2>General context</h2><br>
<p>Fluvial deposits of the valley of Eurotas, mild climate and low hills which protect the area, are forming the general geographical and geological context of the archaeological site which revealed few Middle Helladic findings on the Northern hill and major settlement of the Mycenaean period in the Menelaion.</p><br>
<h2>Ideology</h2><br>
<p>It is considered that Helen appeared initially in Homeric epic poetry, circa 8th century BCE. Besides epos, she appears in lyric poetry, in history, in theatrical plays, even in rhetorical exercises. Helen, and her husband Menelaus, belong to a large group of heroes and heroines worshiped throughout Greece. These heroes, heroines and their cults have already been studied in classical archeology and philology and shape the ideology of a particular period of worshipping heroes in ancient Greece</p><br>
<p>The earliest literary sources do not use the term hero with the meaning used in subsequent periods, or refer to heroic cult directly. Archaeological evidence indicates that heroic cult existed in some form at the end of the Early Iron Age. Since eighth century BCE, there is a small and scattered group of sancturies, associated with epic or mythical heroes and identified by inscribed dedications, in most cases after the foundation of worship. Such heroes are Helen and Menelaus to Sparta, Odysseus in Cave Loizou at beach Polis to Ithaca and Agamemnon at Mycenae.</p><br>
<p>The heroes of myth and epic performed heroic acts, have founders of cities and sanctuaries, inventors and ancestors of large families. Most of these heroes are male warriors or kings, but the legend and the epic is full of female figures, as is the case in Menelaion. The heroines often usually work in family context, as part of a heroic pair, or as virgins who give their lives to save their city, family, or spouse. Perhaps a curious group of heroes are those who are children or even babies, as in the case of Opheltes infant, who was killed by a snake near a spring at Nemea. The establishment of heroic cult was often the means to resolve a crisis, often related to someone who was killed violently or unjustly. On each occasion the hero becomes the epicenter of worship, weaving a social bond for the survival of the community. Being closer than gods to mankind hero or heroine is important for the support of community members in different aspects of everyday life.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<h3>Ludwig Ross</h3><br>
<p>On the hill of Menelaion during the 8th century BCE the eponymous heroes, Menelaus and Helen of Troy, were allegedly worshiped, with a possible altar and enclosure. At the end of the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, a temple built with limestone was erected in place. The Menelaeion heroon has been recognized as such at 1833 by Ludwig Ross. Ross excavated the area in the early 19th century, revealing lead votive figurines of the Laconic type.</p><br>
<h3>John Percival Droop, M. S. Thompson, and Alan Wace</h3><br>
<p>In 1909 the British School at Athens conducted with John Percival Droop, M. S. Thompson, and Alan Wace the first systematic excavation of the archaeological site. The excavation revealed a Late Mycenaean structure built with raw brick coated with painted plaster on the eastern peak of the ridge of Menelaeion hill. Further excavations followed, led by Richard MacGillivray Dawkins, then director of the British School of Athens, in the year 1910.</p><br>
<h3>Hector Catling</h3><br>
<p>After 60 years the British School returned to the site and excavations were conducted by Hector Catling. Hector Catling tried to form a chronological sequence between the remnants of the Mycenaean period and the late heroic cult of Menelaos, based on structural changes of the building that Dawkins revealed which divided in three distinct phases:</p><br>
<p>Mansion 1 - Original building facing south assembling three parallel units. The central unit is considered a megaron. It was built about 1450 BCE and soon destroyed by possible earthquake.</p><br>
<p>Mansion 2 - was built about 10 meters further from Mansion 1, with a new orientation and reported abandoned during Late Helladic period (LHIIIA1)</p><br>
<p>Mansion 3 - was inhabited at the end of Late Helladic (LHIIIA1)</p><br>
<p>Excavations also revealed remains of the Bronze Age in the hills around the Menelaion. In North Hill, north of the ridge of Menelaion, prehistoric settlement has been found in disordered strata, associated with pottery of LH IIIB. On the hill Eagle, south of the ridge of Menelaion, pottery of LH IIB2 has been revealed in a surface stratum. The above mentioned, in combination with the building design, led Hector Catling to the view that these palaces were administrative centers and ancestors of large megaroid palaces of Pylos, Mycenae and Tiryns.</p><br>
<p>Catlings excavation revealed a bronze aryballos with incised boustrophedon inscription, «ΔΕΙΝΙΣ ΑΝΕΘΕΕ ΜΕΝΕΛΑΪ» (Deinis offered to Helen, wife of Menelaus). This inscription confirms Rosss view that the building was heroon dedicated to Menelaus and Helen. A second dedication to Helen has been found in the same trench, a bronze harpax dated to 570 BCE, instrument of unknown use, with the inscription "ΕΛΕΝΙΙ". The next year Catling discovered the first dedication tο Menelaus, in the bottom of a cistern, a blue limestone stele dated from the early 5th century BCE, upon which there was a bronze statuette with the inscription «ΕΥΘΥΚΡΕΝΕΣ ΑΝΕΘΕΚΕ ΤΟΪ ΜΕΝΕΛΑΪ», (Eythycrenes dedicated to Menelaus).</p><br>
<h3>Richard Catling</h3><br>
<p>Richard Catling (Hector Catling&#39;s son) continued excavations in Therapne during the 1980s, on a terrace of the south side of Menelaion hill. His site consisted of disturbed strata filled with sub-geometric and early archaic votive offerings. In the same place have been discovered the walls and the floor of a structure dated to late 13th and 12th century BCE. Since some votive offerings have been associated with the remains of the Mycenaean construction, R. Catling expressed the view that they were votive offerings to the hero or heroine of the Bronze Age.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>As monument Menelaion presents different stratigraphic and architectural phases:</p><br>
<p>The first phase, probably late 8th or early 7th century BCE, is not linked to a specific architectural edifice, but scattered limestone blocks. Blocks&#39; relative dating depends on their correlation with strata in which relevant votive offerings were uncovered.</p><br>
<p>During the second phase, probably in the sixth century BCE it seems that a small monumental structure has been built made of limestone. Building materials have been found out of archaeological context, either in landfills or preserved in late structure. This Ancient Menelaion survived until the fifth century BCE when it was demolished to be replaced with a structure, whose ruins are visible to this day.</p><br>
<p>The third, classical, phase is connected with the 5th century BCE and stratigraphy indicates that the new sanctuary was built upon the ancient edifice, although some researchers believe that Ancient Menelaion was actually recognized as a warehouse during the excavations of 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Dhyana Buddha statue is a statue of a Buddha in Amaravathi, India.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The recorded history of Amaravati and nearby Dharanikota dates to 5th century BCE. It was the capital of Satavahanas who ruled from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE who are much favor in Buddhism expanded it. The most important historic monument in Amaravathi town is the Mahachaitya. It is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India which maintains a site museum known as old museum.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Dhyana Buddha statue of 125 ft is located at Amaravati. It is situated on the banks of Krishna river in 4.5 acre with eight pillars on a Lotus pandal.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and significance</h2><br>
<p>The statue has a museum in the base underneath it, which consists of sculptures depicting scenes with Buddhist significance, most modern copies of the original reliefs from the Amaravati Mahachaitya stupa which are now in museums around India and the world. The eight pillars signifies path for salvation followed by Buddha, four zones for noble truths and five ayaka pillars for stages of life. APTDC is going to complete the Theme Park in front of the statue which is said to be opened for the public in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Sim Hudson Motor Company Building  is a historic commercial building located at 1332 Senter Avenue in Burlington, Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The one-story Sim Hudson Motor Company Building was originally built in 1920 in Burlington, Colorado to be the home of the Golden Belt Garage. A Sanborn map from 1913 indicates that buildings were previously on the site which must have been demolished for the construction of what initially was the Golden Belt Garage. The building was remodeled in 1932 when it was done in the popular Art Deco design of that period. As described in its NRHP designation, “The western half of the building has a flat roof and the eastern has a barrel roof, both covered with asphalt. An A-frame skylight pierces the flat roof near the north wall.”</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Farnsworth Homestead is a historic house museum at 21 Elm Street in Rockland, Maine. Built in 1854 by William A. Farnsworth, it is an excellent late example of Greek Revival architecture, and was the home of Lucy Farnsworth, the major benefactor of the Farnsworth Art Museum, which owns the house and operates it as a museum property. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Farnsworth Homestead is located in downtown Rockland, on the north side of Elm Street, between Union and Main Streets. It is located directly behind the main gallery of the Farnsworth Art Museum, which faces Main Street. The homestead consists of a main house and carriage house, which are connected by a series of ells. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and a foundation of granite and brick. The main block is finished in flushboard siding, while the ells and carriage house are clapboarded. The corners of the main block have pilasters, which rise to an encircling entablature. The building&#39;s gables are fully pedimented. The main entrance is recessed in the center of the three-bay front facade, framed by pilasters and a corniced entablature.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1854 by William A. Farnsworth, a prominent local businessman involved in the area&#39;s lime rock processing industry. Despite having a large family, most of his properties were eventually inherited by his granddaughter Lucy, a reclusive spinster who died in 1935. According to the terms of her will, her estate went to establish the Farnsworth Art Museum, and included preservation of the family homestead as a mid-19th century house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Colburn Bridge is a historic bridge in Pittsford, Vermont. It is a masonry arch bridge, carrying USA Route 7  across Sugar Hollow Brook a short way east of the town center. Built in 1899, it is one of a modest number of surviving masonry arch bridges in the state, and exhibits particularly high quality period workmanship. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Colburn Bridge is located about 0.5 mi east of the town center of Pittsford, on US 7, the major north-south route in western Vermont. It is located near the former home of Charles Colburn, a blacksmith who moved to the area in 1832. Although US 7 is mainly a north-south route, at this point it runs east-west, crossing a gorge cut by the south-flowing Sugar Hollow Brook. The bridge is a single-span masonry structure, 46 ft long and 39 ft wide. The arch is semicircular, with a radius of 20 to 25 ft. The abutments are formed out of rough-cut limestone blocks, while the voussoirs of the arch face are slightly better dressed. The spandrels are faced randomly coursed rough-cut limestone. The bridge originally had limestone railings capped by dressed stone, but these have been removed. In their place are modern metal guardrails, partly set on concrete slabs that cantilever out slightly from the masonry structure.</p><br>
<p>A bridge has been documented to exist on or near this site since the early 18th century. The present bridge was built in 1899, and was a gift of Anne Wagner Boardman, wife of Pittsford native Charles Nye Boardman. At the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, it was one of seventeen documented masonry arch bridges in the state. Many older bridges were washed away in the state&#39;s devastating 1927 floods, and the state has not generally funded construction of stone arch bridges since 1915.</p><br>
<p>The Thornton House is a historic house at 1420 West 15th Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood frame American Foursquare house, with a dormered hip roof, weatherboard siding, and single-story porch across the front. Its roof and dormer have exposed rafter ends in the Craftsman style, and the porch is supported by fluted square columns, with spindled balustrades between. The oldest portion of the house is a small cottage, built about 1896 and subsequently enlarged several times. It is prominent as the home in the early 20th century of Dr. John Thornton, a prominent African-American physician, and also briefly of Charlotte E. Stephens, the city&#39;s first African-American teacher.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Puy Mary is a summit in the mounts of Cantal in Massif Central in France. It is classified as a "Grand National Site" in France. Nearly 500,000 visitors come to this site every year.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is an extinct volcano, about 6.5 million years old, which was formed by the accumulation of viscous lava (trachyte). It has been gradually eroded by glaciers during the Quaternary glaciation, which explains its pyramidal form. Seven glacial valleys radiate from the summit. It is accessible starting from the pass of Pas de Peyrol, which at 1,589 m above sea level, is the highest pass of the Massif Central.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>First mountain met by the oceanic disturbances coming from the Atlantic Ocean, the Puy Mary is among the wettest places in France. In winter, snow is abundant.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The subalpine stage of the Cantal mounts counts 550 plant species including 130 regarded as fragile (in these species, one counts 60 species which profit from a protection regional or national and 70 other not protected but rare). For example, one will be able to find, with a little chance, the following species of high mountain: the saxifrage with opposite sheets (Saxifraga oppositifolia), the saxifrage with sheets of Androsace (Saxifraga androsacea), the verticillate pedicular (Pedicularis verticillata) or the saxifrage of Lamotte (Saxifraga exarata subsp lamottei), the latter being an endemic species of the Cantal and the monts Dore. The puy Mary is a top where most of this flora can be observed.</p><br>
<p>Pyrgi is a village on the Greek island of Chios, known as the "painted village" on account of the decoration of the houses. This mostly consists of black and white decorative motifs in different shapes. Pyrgi is one of the biggest villages in Chios, located in the south part of the island, 25 km south of the island&#39;s capital. It is the traditional seat of the Mastic Villages, a group of villages where the residents engage with mastic agriculture. These villages have been added in representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO. The population of Pyrgi is 755 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Pyrgi still keeps the medieval style. The settlement&#39;s roads are narrow and are covered with arches or vaults. In the middle of the village there is a tower with a height of 18 meters. Around it, there are walls with four towers in the corners. In the village, there are three old churches, Agioi Apostoloi (the older church, built probably during 15th century), Koimisis Theotokou and Taxiarchis. The village stands out from the other mastic villages because its houses are painted with decorative motifs in different shapes. The decorative motifs in the facade of the houses are called "Xistà".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pyrgi is possibly a medieval settlement, built before 10th century. It gathered population from different villages, whose residents settled in Pyrgi to avoid the pirates’ raids. It is mentioned in documents of the 11th, 14th and 15th centuries. The village didn&#39;t suffer damage from the earthquake of 1881 and so it keeps the medieval style. Pyrgi became the seat of the Mastic community and nowadays it is the seat of the Mastichochoria municipal unit.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<p>Πυργί - Οδός Κωνσταντίνου Αλιβιζάτου.jpgStreet of the village</p><br>
<p>Ξυστά σε οίκημα - Πυργί, Χίος.jpgHouse covered in sgraffito (local name:Xistà)</p><br>
<p>Ξυστά σε οίκημα - Πυργί, Χίος 2.jpgOther buildings</p><br>
<p>Πυργί - Ναός Αγίων Αποστόλων.jpgHoly Apostles church</p><br>
<p>Rovni Lake  is a water reservoir in western Serbia, created by damming the Jablanica river. It is located between the villages of Stubo and Rovni, 15 km from the city of Valjevo. The construction of the Stubo-Rovni dam was completed in September 2015. The lake is an integral part of the regional water management system "Rovni" providing water supply for several cities: Valjevo, Lazarevac, Lajkovac, Ub and Mionica.</p><br>
<p>The dam is a rock-filled with water-resistant clay core. It is 74.5 m high, with 450 m long crest. The total volume of the reservoir is 51.5 million cubic meters. The works were executed by a joint venture formed by the companies "Hidrotehnika−Hidroenergetika" and "Energoprojekt Niskogradnja" plc, Belgrade, Serbia.</p><br>
<p>Filling of the accumulation caused a controversy when the public learned that it would submerge the Orthodox church of St. Michael in Tubravić, known as Valjevska Gračanica, originating in the 15th century. Despite the explanations by Serbian Patriarch Irinej and manager of the Public Utility "Kolubara" that the Church signed the contract and exchanged the property back in 1991, and that a replacement church had been built elsewhere, several public protests were held. However, the filling proceeded as planned, and the church got finally submerged on 15 March 2016.</p><br>
<h2>2014 floods</h2><br>
<p>The lake is part of the Kolubara river watershed, as Jablanica is one of the headwaters which form the Kolubara, notorious for the flooding, especially of the town of Valjevo. Though it still wasn&#39;t completed, the reservoir was pivotal in protecting Valjevo during the 2014 Southeast Europe floods. The reservoir received the surplus of the water brought by the torrents and often flooded Valjevo suffered no damage. This fact was used in public debates about the lake, concerning the flooding of the church. The preventing of the flooding was often used as an exemplary of proper reaction in such situation, amidst the mostly weak reaction of the other parts of the protective system and the government in general (see Paljuvi Lake).</p><br>
<p>Row of Street Trees is a heritage-listed avenue of trees at Macrossan Street, Halifax, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. The trees were planted. The trees were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1880s members of the small community of Halifax planted a row of mango trees along Macrossan Street, the emerging hub of the new township. The trees were planted as part of a broader public works program in Halifax initiated during the 1880s by six prominent settlers: Harald Hoffensetz, August Anderssen, Austin W Carr, Niels C Rosendahl, John Alm and Francis Herron, who constructed local roads, a church and school using volunteered time and money. These settlers also contributed to the economic stability of the township and promoted the district and the community at every opportunity. The mango trees are probably the last remaining stand of trees associated with this public improvement program, which at one time may have extended to other parts of Halifax.</p><br>
<p>In 1864 an official exploration party headed by George Elphinstone Dalrymple, Government Surveyor and Government Lands Commissioner, travelled from Port Hinchinbrook (now Cardwell) to the Valley of Lagoons Station and opened the Herbert River district for selection. In 1867, John Davidson explored the lower end of the Herbert River Valley and three years later settlers were beginning to trickle into the district. In 1873 there were three sugar plantations established: Gairloch, Macknade and Bemerside. They all had separate mills and the lower Herbert District was developing into individual communities with the first sugar crush at Macknade in 1874. The founder of Halifax, August Andersson, arrived in Bowen with his wife Eva from Hamburg in August 1872 and they quickly made their way to the Herbert River district. Andersson was employed on the Macknade Plantation as a carpenter but later worked on the construction of the nearby Ripple Creek Sugar Mill. Andersson continued working at the Macknade Sugar Mill until 1879 when he moved up to the Gairloch Plantation and set up a shop near the Planters Retreat Hotel which was halfway between Gairloch and Ingham. It was here that he opened a successful blacksmith business which enabled him to purchase land downstream in 1880, which would later become Halifax.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, convinced of its possibilities, August Anderssen and Francis Herron made an exploratory survey of the lower Herbert Region before heading off to Cardwell to approach the Land Agent to stake a selection. A small land rush ensued, marking the beginning of an area noted for its small farm settlement, distinct from large plantations. Anderssen purchased 360 acres (portion 228) and a year later purchased the adjoining block (portion 270), but later that year sold part of it to the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR). The company proceeded to build a wharf there to service their Victoria Plantation nearby. At this stage sugar would be loaded at the Halifax wharf, which was an important terminus for Herbert River traffic, and then taken downstream by boat to the deepwater Port of Dungeness at the mouth of the Herbert River. At around the same time that the Anderssen family moved down to their property, so too did nine other families. They occupied an area of approximately 2,200 acres comprising ten selections, which became known as Blacks Township. In 1881 Copnell built the first hotel on Anderssens Riverview estate. It was established on an area of Anderssens estate which would later become the present Halifax and was quickly joined by a store built by Eugene Regazzoli who purchased a portion of Anderssens land. This store serviced the fledgling community.</p><br>
<p>The six main Black&#39;s Township settlers decided to form a company to negotiate with CSR to supply the Victoria Mill with cane. They called themselves the Herbert River Farmers Association and included: Harald Hoffensetz, August Anderssen, Austin W Carr, Niels C Rosendahl, John Alm, and Francis Herron. These men were forerunners of the small farm and central mill system which would characterize the sugar industry. They also put a lot of effort into improving their district. For example, in 1883 they approached the Hinchinbrook Divisional Board for a road to be made from the wharf to Cordelia Vale. This would then provide an important service link with Ingham. When the Divisional Board was unwilling to commit funds to the project the Herbert River Farmers Association cleared a track to Cordelia Vale themselves.</p><br>
<p>By now most of the six families had been in the district for nearly ten years. They met every Saturday nearest the full moon with the men conducting the Herbert River Farmers Association meetings and the women enjoying the social opportunity to meet together. It is not surprising that in 1883 the community lobbied the Queensland Government for a school. A provisional school was approved for the area only on the condition that the community provide teacher accommodation and a schoolroom. The Association decided to contribute all work on a voluntary basis with Anderssen, Hoffensetz, and John Alm constructing the building out of hardwood. In September 1883, a school for 17 local children commenced. The men in the Herbert River Farmers Association were dedicated to the welfare and progress of their community and were instrumental in the development of the settlement which would later become the township of Halifax.</p><br>
<p>Halifax began as a township in 1885 when Anderssen decided to utilize unused portions of his land and engaged a local surveyor to subdivide his land into township allotments and roads. He engaged a Townsville auctioneer and they started an active and successful promotion campaign which attracted many people including over 300 who came from Townsville. Anderssen&#39;s Town became the envy of the nearby town of Ingham and appeared ready to surpass Ingham as the major town in the district. The nucleus of a township was already established; it had a hotel, a store, a wharf and a tramline. In addition the new town was in the vicinity of three major plantations and mills: Ripple Creek, Macknade, and Victoria, so its future appeared secure. This sale produced immediate capital gains for the two businesses already established, and Copnell sold the hotel to CF Robinson and it later became the Halifax Hotel. Initially regarded as Lower Herbert, it was not until 1886 that the settlement was officially named Halifax after the nearby Halifax Bay, named in 1770 by Captain Cook. With the formation of a township secure, the community turned to the establishment of a church.</p><br>
<p>The Halifax community set about building its own church using volunteer labour. Again key settlers Anderssen and Hoffensetz designed and supervised the building project and it was completed in 1886. It is most likely during this initial period of community building that the mango trees were planted in the main street of the new town as part of a beautification program. A grandson of Niels C Rosendahl claims his grandfather planted them. While many communities in North Queensland during the settling period planted Fig trees (Ficus spp.) in public places the settlers of Halifax planted mango trees (Mangifera indica) which were considered practical, as they were fruit bearing trees and much valued for their shade.</p><br>
<p>By the 1890s when much of colonial Queensland was suffering crippling economic depression, the Lower Herbert district was booming. Rather than large settlers starting plantations, there was a general move to small individually owned farms bolstered by the completion of the Victoria to Halifax tramline in 1890. It enjoyed a culturally diverse population including a large population of South Pacific Islanders, brought in as indentured labour to work on the sugar plantations, and Chinese who worked on the CSR tramline to Lucinda.</p><br>
<p>In response to the banning of "coloured labour" in 1891 a Townsville businessman recruited Italian workers to fill the labour shortage left when Pacific Islanders were repatriated to their islands. This initiated a chain migration pattern and many of these Italian immigrants settled around Halifax. Halifax was fast becoming the centre of the district, rivalling Ingham as the main commercial centre.</p><br>
<p>However the town did not fulfil its promise. Progressive silting of the Herbert River made the river too shallow for many vessels, and an alternative transportation method for the sugar industry was sought. In 1896 the CSR Company built a tramway through the mangroves to a newly established deep-water port at Lucinda. With the tramway now extending from Ingham to Lucinda and the usage of waterways in decline, Halifax ceased to function as a service centre for the sugar industry.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the mango trees in Macrossan Street were large and kept well trimmed by the community, providing welcome shade for the hotel patrons against the tropical heat. A photograph indicates that the trees were pruned to promote upward growth and possibly to extend the spread of the canopy to maximise the shade potential. In 1904, the usefulness and beauty of the Mango trees was noted in a local newspaper:</p><br>
<p>Strangers, sighting Halifax for the first time cannot fail to be struck with the natural advantage of the town, although the greater part of it has not been built on the orthodox Government surveyed line. The tramway runs down the centre, or thereabouts, of the main street, and a nicely planted, uniform row of mango trees gives excellent shade. This umbrageous ornamentation is something to be proud of and it makes one wonder why that "one of the best shade trees" has been so persistently ignored in school grounds and other public places in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century increasing arrivals of Italian workers invigorated the Lower Herbert District, with many later buying their own farms and bringing their families out from Italy. Again the mango trees in Macrossan Street provided a social meeting venue for the new immigrants, who regularly met under the shady canopies. Older members of the Italian community maintained this tradition for well over 50 years. They are also remembered for displaying extreme pride in their meeting place, sweeping the street clean and free of leaves and mangoes before settling down on the benches installed around the base for lively discussions. These benches were extant by the mid-20th century. Younger members of the community also found a welcome social spot under the mango trees. In the 1950s, after a Saturday night party at the Dance Hall situated between the two hotels, young men and women would spill out onto the street to congregate under the trees before heading home.</p><br>
<p>When removal of the trees was proposed in late 2001 the community organised a protest petition to be sent to the Hinchinbrook Shire Council which was signed by over 800 people from Halifax and surrounding districts, including Cordelia, Taylors Beach, Lucinda and Ingham.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, nearly one hundred and twenty years after they were planted, the Mango trees in Halifax continue to fulfill the role intended by the community who planted them. They are a welcome source of shade against the tropical sun and provide natural character and beauty to the town of Halifax. As Halifax is located on an emerging tourist route the aesthetic quality of the trees in the town&#39;s overall character is highly valued and is perceived to contribute to the local economy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The row of trees, comprising eight Mango trees (Mangifera indica), a Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina), and an African Mahogany (Khaya spp.) are situated in Macrossan Street, the main street of Halifax, in the block between Alma Street at the northern end and River Avenue at the southern end. The trees are planted down the centre of the street at approximately 25m intervals over a length of 255 metres.</p><br>
<p>The Mango trees have an average trunk circumference of 4.1m but each tree has its own character with trunks gnarled and burled in different patterns. The largest circumference is 5.15m with the smallest circumference measuring 2.75m. The average height of the trunk up to the first major fork in the tree is 3.62m but varies from tree to tree, the tallest measuring 5.05m and the shortest 2.79m. The average total height of the Mango trees measured (by use of a clinometer) was 20.20m; however these figures are approximate because of the difficulty in accurately sighting the top of each tree.</p><br>
<p>The shade of each mango tree extends to an average area average of 132 m providing a welcome shade source in summer. This shade extends over the western side of the street where the majority of the shops and the two hotels are located.</p><br>
<p>The canopy circumference is comparable to the root ball. It is estimated that the depth of the root ball extends at least 18 metres below the surface of the road reserve and quite possibly interlinks at many points at the tips. Their size and height is not only due to their age but also due to the availability of the water table which is approximately 2 metres below the surface. The tree roots provide an excellent structure to bind the soil and decrease erosion, a major problem in a wet area like the Herbert. The surrounding road surface, which extends right up to the base of the trees, is sealed with bitumen.</p><br>
<p>There have been some changes in the composition of the row of trees. One mango tree has been replaced with a Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina), to ensure that the aesthetic and shade qualities enjoyed by the community would remain. This is the only tree in the row to retain a circular concrete bench seat around its base. All of the mango trees used to have these benches, which have since been removed. There is also a more recent African Mahogany (Khaya spp.) which appears to have been planted in place of a mango tree.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Row of Street Trees in Halifax was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Row of Street Trees in Macrossan Street, Halifax, comprises eight mature Mango Trees (Mangifera indica), a Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina) and an African Mahogany (Khaya spp.). The row is significant to the local and Queensland community for its historical, aesthetic and social qualities. The Mango trees are thought to have been planted -86 as shade trees to help Europeans adjust to the tropics and as part of a beautification program, using introduced species as was common then. The Mango trees are important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queenslands history, being associated with the earliest establishment of the township of Halifax on the Herbert River in the 1880s, and with the role of the Herbert River Farmers Association in developing the town and district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They are an excellent surviving example of late 19th century shade trees planted in public spaces, particularly interesting for the choice of Mango trees (Mangifera indica), which are both fruit-bearing and much valued for their shade, rather than the more usual Fig trees (Ficus spp.).</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The trees have become part of the community life of Halifax as shady meeting places in the area of the town, particularly for the elderly, and are valued by the locals throughout the district and by visitors for their aesthetic qualities.</p><br>
<p>The trees are important for their aesthetic value. Halifax is distinctive for its avenue of trees and the aesthetic qualities they project. Visitors to the town remember the Mango trees in particular for their size, height and beauty; being all approximately 20 metres in height, possessing gnarled trunks, and planted at a uniform distance. The trees are a significant physical feature of the Macrossan Street streetscape and contribute significantly to the character of Halifax.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The trees have become part of the community life of Halifax as shady meeting places in the area of the town, particularly for the elderly, and are valued by the locals throughout the district and by visitors for their aesthetic qualities.</p><br>
<p>The trees have been an integral part of each stage of community development in Halifax, and have a strong and special association with the local community as a meeting place. At one period a concrete seating bench was constructed around the base of each tree. One Mango tree, dubbed the "Tree of Knowledge", remains a favourite meeting place for older Italian men who have regularly met friends there over a period of fifty years. The trees are also fondly remembered as the place for younger members of the community to meet friends on a Saturday night. The community has always taken pride in Macrossan Street and its trees and the current Halifax community feels a strong and special association with them. When removal of the trees was proposed in late 2001 the community organised a protest petition to be sent to the Hinchinbrook Shire Council which was signed by over 800 people from Halifax and surrounding districts, including Cordelia, Taylors Beach, Lucinda and Ingham.</p><br>
<p>The Peterborough Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 108 Main Street, Peterborough, South Australia. It was built in 1927, and was added to the South Australian Heritage Register on 21 October 1993.</p><br>
<p>The first town hall in Peterborough was the former Petersburg Institute building, which was transferred to the Corporate Town of Petersburg for use as a town hall in 1889. Though it had been expected that the building would need alterations for this purpose, these took some years to occur. They were eventually approved by a ratepayer ballot on 29 December 1893. The additions provided for a new stage and dressing rooms, new library and reading room in front, a council chamber and clerk&#39;s office, and a new classical facade replacing the previous "blank wall", at a cost of £1,200. It reopened to the public in September 1894. By 1925, however, the former institute building was seen as inadequate, with no alterations having been made in thirty years, and by the following year the council was investigating options for constructing a new building.</p><br>
<p>C. Smith, an architect who designed a number of South Australian public buildings, had completed a design for the new hall by June 1926: located adjacent to the old hall, it was to have five office fronts, a subscribers room, a public reading room, a town clerks office, a council chamber, and a hall seating 1,100 to 1,200 people, at an expected cost of £11,705. The foundation stone for the new hall was laid on 23 March 1927. A loan was authorised in October to allow the council to complete payments on the new hall. It was officially opened on 15 November 1927. MP George Jenkins described it as "the finest hall he had seen in any town of the same size." The council had planned to sell the former hall to cover the costs of the new hall, but failed to reach the desired price and initially leased it out instead. The final cost came to £13,961.0.6.</p><br>
<p>The building continues to be used by its successor council, the District Council of Peterborough. The former hall also survives; however, it is now a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Cornish House is a historic house at 87 Main Street in Bowdoinham, Maine. Built in 1885, it is a distinctive late example of Italianate architecture, with gingerbread trim elements. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cornish House stands just west of the village center of Bowdoinham, on the north side of Main Street (Maine State Route 125), where it turns from a roughly east-west to north-south direction. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a cross-gable roof, clapboard siding, and brick foundation. The gables are broad, with clipped tops, and its cornices are elaborately bracketed, with bargeboard detailing. The windows of the house, and of the connected carriage barn, have similarly elaborate treatment, with gabled bargeboard lintels. The front facade is three bays wide, with a single story porch supported by turned posts with brackets, and a center entrance with double doors. A secondary entrance is on the right side, next to a two-story polygonal bay with bracketed cornices at each level.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1885, and represents an unusually late appearance of a generally Italianate style of decoration. It was probably designed by George Curtis, an architect from Bowdoin, for a Mr. Cornish. It underwent a full restoration in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The Cold River Bridge was a historic bridge that carried Vermont Route 7B  across the Cold River in Clarendon, Vermont. The bridge, a steel Parker through truss, was built by the American Bridge Company in 1928, and was one of many bridges built in the state in the wake of devastating 1927 floods. It carried USA Route 7  until bypassed by a bridge to the east, and was closed in 1989. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It was subsequently demolished after a report noting substantial failures.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cold River flows westward across northern Clarendon, en route to its confluence with Otter Creek. The Cold River Bridge carried VT 7B, a former alignment of US 7, across the river, a short way south of VT 7B&#39;s northern junction with US 7. It was about 150 ft in length, with a deck 24.5 ft wide, and rested on poured concrete abutments. Its trusses consisted of rolled steel I-beams, fastened together by rivets. It had a portal clearance of just under 15 ft. It had a concrete deck on steel stringers.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1928, part of a state program that constructed about 1,600 bridges between the 1927 floods and 1930. This bridges trusses were built by the American Bridge Company, then the nations leading maker of steel bridge trusses. It used construction materials and methods standardized by the state to improve the efficiency and speed at which bridges could be built. This bridge carried US 7, western Vermont&#39;s major north-south transportation artery, until it was bypassed by a four-lane bridge to the east.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Hospital is a historic former hospital, now a mixed-used commercial and residential building, at 20th and Main Streets in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a two story brick structure, roughly square in shape with a central courtyard and an ell projecting from its southern side. It was designed by local architect Maximilian F. Mayer and built in 1924, with restrained Classical Revival elements. The building is historically notable as the first place in Arkansas where the now-common health maintenance organization methods of funding and delivering health care were implemented. The building now houses the offices of a non-profit and low-income housing.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Ponta Temerosa are two promontories and a headland located in the south of Praia on the island of Santiago, Cape Verde located nearly 2 km from the city center and 2.8 km by road from Albuquerque Square  to the lighthouse. The western point is the southermnost point of the island. Once after Ilhéu de Santa Maria , it is now after Ponta do Porto  forming the Port of Praia expanded in 2014 and forms an artificial headland. Ponta Temerosa is inside the neighborhood of Prainha-Temerosa.</p><br>
<p>The headland is 560 meters long straightly down southeast (600 meters indirectly) and 168 meters wide, it is almost entirely surrounded by rocky cliffs. The deepest area surrounding the headland is 3 meters, 2 kilometers (1.25 nmi) south has a depth of 100 meters and over 5 kilometers (2.7 nmi) south has a depth of 1,000 meters and forms a part of the Cape Verde Rise, further south in the Atlantic off the point at the boundary of the Santiago seamount, nearly 100 km south is the Cape Verde Basin,</p><br>
<p>Notable landmarks on the headland include the Farol de D. Maria Pia or Ponta Temerosa lighthouse, the Seminary of São José (Saint Joseph). At the end of the headland is the tiny beach of Prainha, sometimes included. The Praiamar hotel (or the Hotel Oasis Atlântico) is in the western end. In that area, the highest point is 11 to 12 meters. Residential streets includes Avenida Rotary International and Rua de Mar (or Rua de Ponta Temerosa). Adjacent to the headland is Ipanema restaurant located on Avenida Jorge Barbosa, the restaurant is named after the beach in Brazil.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 15th, 16th and the 17th centuries, the point was once known as Ponta del Rei, after the king, later it adopted the current name which means temerous, whereas its winds are dangerous especially during storms and the danger in the area at the time with small ships.</p><br>
<p>Before the urban sprawl reached the southernmost point of the island in the 1980s, the geography of the headland before the 16th century is unknown. The Battle of Porto Praya took place between Great Britain and France off the point on 16 April 1780, as Portugal was neutral, Great Britain clashed with France southeast of the harbour in the waters, the naval battle ended in French victory.</p><br>
<p>The first main feature was the D. Maria Pia lighthouse, first built in 1881, its first road first constructed, a seminary later appeared in 1957 named São José (Saint Joseph).</p><br>
<p>Agriculture dominated the area up to the 1980s when the urban sprawl of Praia spread to the area, it was not fully urbanized until the 1990s. In the 1990s, the Praiamar resort opened.</p><br>
<p>At the point, it was one of several places on the island and the only in Prainha that saw clouds from the early parts of its volcanic eruptions from Fogo the archipelago&#39;s only active volcano. The 1951 eruption was seen in two parts, the southern vent was fully seen, the 1995 and the 2014-15 eruptions were also seen.</p><br>
<h2>Panoramics</h2><br>
<p>Panoramics includes most of the city of Praia, also Monte Vermelho and Pico da Antónia can be seen, it is the starting point where the neighboring island of Fogo, the eastern part can be seen in southern Santiago.</p><br>
<p>Monte Graciosa  is a third tallest mountain ranges in the island of Santiago in Cape Verde in the northern part northeast of the town of Tarrafal. Its elevation is 645 m. Monte Graciosa has been a protected area since 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located just east of the Baía de Tarrafal. The western part of the mountain area is the headland of Ponta Preta and its point located northwest of the lighthouse and are surrounded by cliffs.</p><br>
<h3>Topography</h3><br>
<p>Monte Graciosa are the three main important summits on the island after Serra da Malagueta (1,064 m) and Pico da Antónia (1,394 m) to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain mainly composes of phonolitic rocks and are covered with basalt layers in the achada (plateau) area and descends to the ocean. The bast features andesite and nepheline rocks with fluid texture, formed by feldspathic rocks including andesine and labradorite.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Ice Age, the elevation was over 750 meters between 15000 and 9000 BC, around 6000 to 5000BC, its elevation measured below 700 meters.</p><br>
<p>In the colonial times, the landmark was known to navigators.</p><br>
<h2>Park area</h2><br>
<p>The natural park features about 2.4% of the endemic plants in the country, notably Campylanthus glaber ssp. glaber (alecrim brabo), Euphorbia tuckeyana, Kickxia webbiana (agrião de rocha), Kickxia dichondrifolia, Nauplius daltonii ssp. daltonii, Paronychia illecebroides (palha de formica), Sarcostemma daltonii (gestiba) and Macaronesian ironwood (Siderxylon marginata) (marmolano or marmulano)</p><br>
<p>Other plants in the park includes Jatropha curcas and Prosopis juliflora (American acacia) founded higher than 200 m altitude.</p><br>
<p>Endangered fauna in the park includes the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalis brevipennis)</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Other landmarks includes Farol da Ponta Preta located in the northwest end of the island west of the mountain. The lighthouse was featured in a Cape Verdean stamp in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is featured in the football (soccer) club logo of GD Varandinha, it features the feature as seen from the middle of Tarrafal, the club&#39;s location.</p><br>
<p>Gairloch Bridge is a heritage-listed road bridge over the Herbert River at Old Bruce Highway, Ingham, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Alfred Barton Brady and built from 1890 to 1891 by James Graham. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 July 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gairloch Bridge is a low level road bridge across the lower Herbert River near Ingham in North Queensland. Completed in November 1891, it was an innovative design by the prominent Queensland Government Architect and bridge engineer, Alfred Barton Brady.</p><br>
<p>The Herbert River valley was first occupied by pastoralists in the mid-1860s. Sugarcane farming, now the dominant industry in the area, commenced during the early 1870s. By the late 1880s, the Ingham area had become one of Queensland&#39;s top sugar producers with some five mills operating in the Herbert River district.</p><br>
<p>From as early as 1885 the Hinchinbrook Divisional Board and residents of the area called for the Queensland Government to construct a bridge across the Herbert River to improve access for growers on the north side of the river to the region&#39;s seaport south of the river mouth at Dungeness. Unsuccessful in persuading the government to fund the construction, the board decided to raise the finance itself, and in June 1888 asked the Government Engineer for Bridges to prepare plans for the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by Alfred Barton Brady, an English-born civil engineer and architect who migrated to Australia in 1884. From 1885 he held a position as Assistant Engineer for Bridges with the Railways Department in Queensland before being appointed Acting Engineer for Bridges in the Department of Mines and Works in June 1889. In the Department of Mines and Works and its successor departments, Brady had a distinguished career rising to the position of Government Architect and Engineer of Bridges in 1892 and Undersecretary in 1901. He held this position until his retirement in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The contract for construction of the bridge was awarded to James Graham of South Brisbane who commenced work early in 1890. Following a number of delays, partly caused by the frequent flooding of the river, the bridge was completed at a cost of £7,737 and opened for traffic on 4 November 1891.</p><br>
<p>The Gairloch Bridge was the first road bridge designed by Brady as Engineer for Bridges in the Department of Mines and Works. Other bridges designed by him included the Burnett River Bridge at Bundaberg, Victoria Bridge in Brisbane (no longer extant), and the Lamington Bridge in Maryborough (1896). The Lamington Bridge was a Wunsch-system structure of reinforced concrete, the first such design in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The bridge at Gairloch, which pre-dates the Lamington Bridge by five years, demonstrates one of the earliest uses of concrete in bridge construction in Queensland. Prior to the introduction of reinforced concrete to Australia in the 1890s, concrete as a component of bridges took the form of un-reinforced abutments, piers and mass concrete culverts, the earliest known being railway culverts constructed in South Australia in 1878. In 1882, concrete culverts were used on the Warwick-to-Stanthorpe railway line in Queensland. The original bridge across the railway in Edward Street Brisbane, designed by FDG Stanley in 1887 had concrete abutments. The concrete piers and abutments of the Gairloch Bridge, designed in 1889, are among the earliest known in Queensland. From, the greater availability of locally made Portland cement made the use of this material in bridge construction much more common.</p><br>
<p>The Gairloch Bridge is a submersible bridge designed to withstand inundation during major floods. It is the first submersible road bridge known to have been designed by Brady who is recognised for his important contributions to the development of this type of bridge. The shorter, submersible bridges were a cost-effective alternative to designing longer bridges above major flood levels, which often inundated a considerable area either side of the river. The principal difficulty of submersible bridges was that debris accumulated against the bridge during floods and this, in combination with the force exerted by the water, could cause major damage. Brady developed designs to avoid trapping debris and to present the least possible obstruction to the flow of flood waters. To date, it remains common practice to design less important bridges to withstand flood submergence.</p><br>
<p>The Gairloch Bridge incorporated a number of features that were innovative at the time. For the decking, Brady used 33 foot (10m) lengths of steel trough plate, 12 inches (30 cm) deep, riveted together and securely bolted down to the concrete string-courses. The troughs were then filled with tarred metal. The curbs and posts were of hardwood. Brady argued that this design had important advantages in flood conditions due to its greater weight and because the steel troughs eliminated the need for girders, the bridge offered less resistance to the flow of flood waters. This design option was more costly than a bridge using the more conventional timber decking and superstructure, but Brady argued that the maintenance cost of his design would be less. The Gairloch Bridge is the only known road bridge of this design in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Against the expectations of its designer, the bridge did not perform well initially. On 11 June 1892, The Queenslander reported that it required "rather a large amount of money to keep it in repair". A major flood in 1894 resulted in two sections of iron troughing being lifted and doubled over by the force of the flood. This necessitated the complete renewal of the roadway with layers of concrete and tarred metal. Then, in 1927, a record flood completely destroyed the northern approach to the bridge. In 1929, the bridge roadway was resurfaced and the hardwood curbing was replaced with concrete.</p><br>
<p>The inconvenience incurred by the periodic inundation of the bridge eventually prompted the construction of two high-level bridges across the lower Herbert River: one linking Halifax with Macknade and Ripple Creek in 1927; and in the late 1960s another was built upstream from the Gairloch Bridge. Despite its early set-backs, the 1891 low-level bridge has survived in the long-term and this has been attributed to its innovative design, which presents a small obstruction to flood flow. The bridge continues to be used.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gairloch Bridge is a low level concrete bridge. It is simple and unadorned in appearance with no posts or balustrades.</p><br>
<p>The superstructure has the appearance of a shallow concrete slab about 5.7m wide. The roadway atop this slab is edged with concrete curbing and covered with worn bitumen. At each end of the bridge, there is a pair of reflective guide posts fixed into the curb, one on each side of the road. The steel plates that make up the base of the superstructure are clearly visible on its underside.</p><br>
<p>Fourteen concrete pillars support the superstructure. These taper slightly from a wide base and are curved in cross-section in the direction of water flow. There is a wide raised band around the base of each pillar and a narrow band around the top. The cement that is an element of the pillars has eroded, exposing the pebbles that form part of the concrete&#39;s composition.</p><br>
<p>At the southern end of the bridge, the road passes through a deep cutting. The sides of the cutting are lined with sections of brick, stonework or loose rocks. Some of the stonework and bricks are coated with cement.</p><br>
<p>The bridge crosses the Herbert River at a point where, for most of the year, it is wide but quite shallow. Dense vegetation covers the river banks at either end of the bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gairloch Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 July 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gairloch Bridge, constructed in 1890-1891, is important in demonstrating the pattern of settlement in North Queensland in the late nineteenth century. By the late 1880s, the Herbert River valley was one of Queenslands most important sugar producing areas. As the first bridge across the lower Herbert River, built to provide access to the regions port for growers on the north side of the river, the Gairloch Bridge is closely associated with the establishment of this important industry in northern Queensland.</p><br>
<p>As an early, experimental submersible bridge, the Gairloch Bridge is important in demonstrating the evolution of bridge design in Queensland and exemplifies how the colonial authorities responsible for bridge building responded to the extreme conditions of the north Queensland wet season. Submersible bridges evolved as a cost-effective solution to the problem of bridging rivers that were seasonally subject to extreme flooding, and remain common in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>As one of the state&#39;s earliest extant bridges incorporating concrete, the bridge also demonstrates the evolution of the use concrete in bridge construction in Queensland. The Gairloch Bridge is an example of the earliest use of concrete, where it was restricted to applications requiring only compressive strength such as piers and abutments. The introduction to Queensland of reinforced concrete a few years after the bridge was built broadened the applications of concrete to include components requiring tensile strength.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Gairloch Bridge is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of submersible bridges: it is a low level bridge, crossing only the main channel of the river, and is designed to present the least possible obstruction to flood waters and debris.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is also important as the earliest known example in Queensland of a road bridge designed by the notable architect and engineer, AB Brady. The bridge was designed soon after his appointment as Engineer of Bridges in the Department of Mines and Works. Other important bridges designed by Brady include the third Victoria Bridge in Brisbane (no longer extant) and the Lamington Bridge in Maryborough (1896, Lamington Bridge).</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Gairloch Bridge is important in demonstrating a high degree of technical innovation for its time. The key design feature of the bridge is its superstructure. Steel troughs were placed longitudinally on concrete piers to form the decking of the bridge while at the same time acting as structural members. This eliminated the need for girders, thereby reducing obstruction to flood borne debris. The design is also innovative for its early use of concrete in the piers, abutments and string courses.</p><br>
<p>Ingham Court House is a heritage-listed courthouse at 35-39 Palm Terrace, Ingham, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Hitch of the Department of Public Works  and built in 1948. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ingham Court House was designed in 1948 by John Hitch of the Queensland Department of Works. The building replaced an earlier court house on part of the site which was retained for other purposes.</p><br>
<p>The earlier court house was constructed in 1915 and was a single-storeyed timber building. Following construction of the 1948 Court House, the 1915 building was taken over by the Police Department and altered. The 1948 building was located on the corner of Park Terrace to the north and Davidson Street to the east. It was deliberately designed to establish a more impressive civic streetscape and to signify a self conscious post war progressivism and expansion. Designed in 1948, its completion took about five years owing to post war shortages of building materials, particularly bricks.</p><br>
<p>John Hitch qualified as an architect in England in 1938 and served as a Flight Lieutenant in the RAF during World War II. His early work was influenced by Scandinavian and other prewar streams of modernism. He later won a design competition for government buildings in Reykjavik, where he had served during the war. The buildings were later featured on a series of Icelandic postage stamps.</p><br>
<p>On demobilisation, Hitch worked as a specialist valuer in compensation claims for UK buildings requisitioned during the war years. In 1947 he was one of about six UK architects recruited for the Queensland Department of Public Works and fulfilled a three year contract in Queensland until 1951. By then he was apparently the last of the group remaining in Queensland; some of the others having broken their contracts and returned to the UK. Hitch entered private practice for some years with Theo Thynne. For most of his time in Brisbane he combined a diverse architectural practice with part-time teaching of Design to senior years in the University of Queensland Bachelor of Architecture course. In 1962 he left the Brisbane practice, at that time being the partnership of Hitch and Sinnamon, and joined Bates, Smart and McCuthcheon in Melbourne where he remained until retirement.</p><br>
<p>John Hitchs time with the Queensland Government, then considered something of a backwater, produced a number of significant and innovative designs. The Departments excessive division of labour and particularly the exclusion of design architects from site visits even in the initial design stage were unwelcome impediments, which Hitch contested with occasional success. The Ingham Court House was his first design project for the Department and he contrived a site visit there, during a near cyclone. His resulting design attempted to incorporate innovative climatic design with "a "contemporary" design acceptable within the departmental and ministerial understanding" and successfully achieved what he called "newly established post-war imagery of a public building".</p><br>
<p>The Ingham Court House was designed and constructed as a two storeyed brick and reinforced concrete structure with an impressive entrance and stair hall to the first floor court rooms. Sun control was effected within the building by recessed wall surfaces broken by piers and horizontal metal sun hood spaced to promote convectional air flow. Mechanical ventilation equipment was installed within the roof space under a curved ridge line. This innovative roof profile, which was apparently a casualty of an on-site design change, was a response to cyclonic wind speeds, and anchored down to reinforced concrete perimeter beams.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ingham Court House is a two storeyed rendered brick and reinforced concrete structure with a generally symmetrical facade to Palm Terrace and a less formal asymmetrical grouping to Davidson Street. The fibro-cement sheeted roof has a characteristic ventilated hipped gable arrangement with strongly expressed eaves, in form and pitch reflecting that of the neighbouring earlier court house, which however is no longer clearly visible. The main ridge as built is a departure from the architect&#39;s intention as seen in the working drawings, which show a curved ridge of a type which became popular some decades later.</p><br>
<p>The north (Palm Terrace) elevation is rhythmically articulated with brick piers, protecting vertical windows and the outer walls of the upstairs Juvenile Court and witness rooms and downstairs offices.</p><br>
<p>A central entry at ground floor level leads up to a ground floor public space and an elegant bifurcating staircase, whose intermediate landing forms a projecting foyer space protecting the entry below, and is expressed with a generous glass wall overlooking the street. Smaller upper windows on the western elevation are protected by overhanging eaves and those on the ground floor have light horizontal window hoods, those rooms being mainly toilets and ancillary services. A similar projection occurs on the eastern elevation where windows are larger and to a projecting single storeyed wing housing secondary offices, with a separate podium entry from the street. The south elevation continues the pattern of large vertical windows to the upper floor, serving the Court Room and the general office on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The corner site includes lawns and large trees to the rear of the building, with a row of vigorously growing palms partly obscuring the front facade.</p><br>
<p>Generally the interiors are intact and impressive, particularly in view of the inadequate system of construction supervision customary at the time. The interior generally has timber framed floors, rendered brick wall, painted panels and lightly detailed timber. The influence of Scandinavian modernism may be seen in the understated blond timber finishes and joinery, and the lightness and precision of the planar composition of court room fittings. The main staircase is light and airy, with grey terrazzo treads and risers and an almost freestanding handrail tracing a playful line within the generous volume containing the stairs. The stair well creates a remarkable focus in a finely contrived sequence of spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ingham Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Ingham Court House represents an early expression of a Government intention to develop a progressive and sophisticated image through its postwar building program. The building was designed by John Hitch, one of the young English architects recruited by the Department of Works in 1947. The Ingham Court House can be seen as one in a sequence of provincial court house buildings including Tully Court House (1945) and Bundaberg Court House (1956) and also designed by Hitch, by then in private practice. The place is significant for its place in this history of public architecture and government policy and as an important stage in the work of its architect, as well as for its aesthetic qualities of architecture and its technical innovations particularly in climatic control in the tropics.</p><br>
<p>The Ruth Fairfax House is a heritage-listed detached house at 5 Lynch Street, Ingham, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to 1962. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ruth Fairfax House is a single-storey timber framed residence with tile roof imported from Japan by Judge George William Paul and erected on a suburban allotment at the corner of Langshaw Street and Bowen Terrace in New Farm in 1887. It was sold at auction in 1962, dismantled and transported to Ingham and re-erected at its current address in Lynch Street. It is the first known residence of its type to be imported from Japan.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane suburb of New Farm has played an important part in Brisbanes history since early settlement, providing land for both farming and recreational activities. Its development as a residential area was a little slower, despite Fortitude Valleys earlier establishment. While houses began to appear on the peninsula in the 1860s, it wasnt until the 1880s boom economy that the area between Brunswick Street and the river began to develop solidly with many of Brisbanes most prominent citizens choosing to live there.</p><br>
<p>It was into this increasingly wealthier residential area that Judge GW Paul, the then Southern District Court Judge, chose to build his Japanese house in 1887. The house was fully manufactured in Japan, and imported into Brisbane, along with Japanese labour - three carpenters and two plasterers - who travelled from Kobe to construct the house, under the guidance of an English supervisor. The house was the first known piece of authentic Japanese architecture in Australia. Japan had been open to full trade with the West for less than twenty years and its influence at the time on Western culture was confined principally to Japanese furniture and interior elements, which had begun to appear in European houses some time earlier.</p><br>
<p>George William Paul was born in Penrith, New South Wales in 1838, and became a member of the English Bar in 1861. He returned to Australia in 1863 and worked in private practice in the new colony of Queensland for some years until being appointed Crown Prosecutor. He went on to become a judge of the District Court in 1871 and was described in his obituary as one of the finest criminal barristers in Brisbane as well as having spent regular intervals on the bench of the Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>Judge Paul travelled to Japan in 1886. The house he imported was a copy of the house he stayed in at Kobe during his few months in Japan. Its suitability for the Brisbane climate was allegedly one of the criteria by which Judge Paul chose to bring the house to Brisbane. The house, constructed on a sloping site at the corner of Langshaw Street and Bowen Terrace at New Farm, was reported in the Brisbane Courier on 12 December 1887 in an extensive and highly favourable article. It was also covered in a later issue of The Boomerang with illustrations by GHM Addison. Few Queenslanders, apart from merchant seamen, would have visited Japan at this early time and even fewer would have thought to attempt something such as importing a whole Japanese building. Together with the house, Judge Paul had also brought back with him from Japan, an extensive collection of ceramics and other art treasures.</p><br>
<p>The house, named Yeddo, was fully manufactured in Kobe, somewhat larger than standard, and was test assembled there before its export. There is some supposition that the house was imported as a speculative venture and its failure to sell prevented a wider trade.</p><br>
<p>The house was an elevated timber post and beam construction and built on a 6&#39; grid with some plaster infill and a heavy tiled roof after the shoin style. This style of Japanese house remains the one with which most non-Japanese associate Japan, that is, wood framed with paper sliding doors. The shoin style refers to a small elevated bay or box window derived from a type of study alcove (shoin) popular in early Buddhist ecclesiastical communities as early as the 12th Century. These study places became a status symbol and feature in the main guestroom of official residences between the 16th and 18th centuries. Other elements that combine to produce the shoin style are the tokonoma and tana.</p><br>
<p>The tokonoma, an interior focal point, derives from the private altar in a priests home, which was originally a low wooden table on which incense was burnt, flowers were placed and above which scrolls were hung. In shoin style this became a built-in alcove often coupled with the tana - originally freestanding scroll racks that became a built in shelving system. These three elements are combined in the houses central room to produce the shoin style.</p><br>
<p>Like typical Japanese houses, Ruth Fairfax House&#39;s walls consisted of movable shoji (wood and translucent paper screens to filter the light between the exterior and interior) and fusuma (heavier paper mache partitions between interior spaces to provide privacy). The only fixed walls were around the kitchen, bathroom and tokonamas. These walls, presumably for bracing were made from a plaster on lathe. Heavy timber storm shutters or amado ran around the verandah and effectively formed another layer of enclosure. These could be slid away or removed entirely storing neatly away in the amaboko at the end of each run. At the New Farm site, the kitchen was detached off a servery via the dining room. A bathroom and teahouse were also located in the grounds.</p><br>
<p>All materials were imported except the plaster and mortar which were mixed to Japanese specifications. The roofing tiles were dark blue- grey, shaped like the English pan-tile. The ridge and hip closers were decorated with the Buddhist chyrsanthemum symbol in high relief.</p><br>
<p>The house at New Farm covered about 30 squares, including a 6&#39; wide verandah all round. It had four main rooms (which could be subdivided to make eight) and three tokonomas and chigai-tanas. There was an akari shoji (moon window) made by exposing the bamboo frame of a plaster wall in the suki-ya tradition. The shelves of the chigai-tana were meticulously veneered to avoid exposing end grain. The corner posts and beams of the tokonomas had been chosen from cherrywood, hokki pine or bamboo samples. There were few hand wrought iron nails in the house as most of the joints were mortised and tenoned and secured with wooden pegs.</p><br>
<p>The jointing of the roofing timbers were intricately detailed. The roof was of traditional construction with two beams 24" by 10" in section used for strutting the rafters and hanging the ceiling. The tiles were set in a mud-like mortar on a thin timber decking. The ceiling also was made from this thin timber veneer like plywood. In spite of the houses&#39; flexibility the subtle modular and the fine workmanship, the roof was heavy and complicated.</p><br>
<p>The Tokyo modular system appeared to have been used. Horizontal distances measured between column centers were in multiples of 3 feet. Vertical distances were floor to mid-transom, 6 feet 6 inches and thence to the ceiling, the width of one and a half mats with a ceiling height of 11 feet. The timber floor had been made from the packing cases in which the house was shipped instead of the usual tatami - the boards were 1.5 inches thick and 15 inches wide and beautifully laid. It was not sunk for tatami matting - only 3/4 inches as if for carpeting. The module was broken only by two internal passages, each 3 feet clear. This must have been a stipulation of the owners as these are not likely to have existed in a Japanese house.</p><br>
<p>Judge Paul lived in the house until his death in 1909 after which the Public Trustee sold the house to John Cockburn in January 1911. In 1927 it was purchased by George Maxted, a Brisbane bookmaker and sold again in 1948 to the Queensland Country Women&#39;s Association who renamed it the Ruth Fairfax House after the first Queensland President Ruth Fairfax and used it as their headquarters until 1960 when they moved to premises in Gregory Terrace. Changes that had been made to the house by this time included cutting off some of the original posts below floor joint level and replacing with brick piers, painting external wood work in cream and dark brown, varnishing sand staining internal woodwork and adding electricity and plumbing.</p><br>
<p>In March 1962, the house was sold to a developer who offered the house at demolition value to the Brisbane City Council, University of Queensland and the National Trust. Time constraints and lack of finances prevented the offer being taken up.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased at auction for £600 by Dr Pam Markwell, through her sister, acting as agent. With only thirty days for the house to be taken apart for transportation to Ingham, the Markwells enlisted the help of William Carr of the University of Queensland&#39;s architecture department, who, with some of his students, recorded the demolition and dismantling for later erection of the building in Ingham. The Markwells then transported the materials 1000 miles north to be rebuilt with local labour.</p><br>
<p>Some of the timber framework, ranma and a decorative frieze went missing during the trip north. The ceiling and some of the lath and plaster wall panels also did not survive the trip. A number of roof tiles were broken when being unloaded in Ingham. The meticulous mortise and tenon jointing was broken to allow for the removal of the frame and few if any mortice and tenon joints survive. Nails were used in the reassembly.</p><br>
<p>The house is now re-erected in Ingham. Modern materials have been used to replace those lost in transit or broken during demolition or delivery. The new owners sanded down the timber to its original state.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ruth Fairfax House is located on a flat site at 5 Lynch Street, Ingham opposite the railway line. It is located close to the front and southern boundaries which are formed by high concrete block screen walls covered in a thick hedge that provides privacy to the verandahs when the amado are open. To the north a carport abuts the house adjacent to the projecting gable over the entry. Behind the house, a smaller detached single storey timber lined and clad building houses a living area and the kitchen. A garden shed and large bush house occupy most of the remainder of the rear of the site.</p><br>
<p>The main portion of the house was rebuilt on a concrete slab. The encircling verandahs supported on stumps have a timber floor of boards, 375mm wide. Part of the verandah was not constructed where the house came within close proximity to the building already located on the site and a portion of the verandah roof at the rear is sheeted with corrugated iron as there were insufficient tiles that survived the removal to Ingham.</p><br>
<p>There is some supposition about the accuracy of the relocation of walls and it is possible a secondary hallway was created between the rear bedrooms. The bathroom has been converted into storage and two sleeping apartments were adapted for the bathroom.</p><br>
<p>Nails have been used in the re-erection of the framework. Most of the screens survive, although little if any remains of the original paper on the shoji screens. Some of the papier mache on the fusuma screens survives the screens as do most of the ranma, the moon window, the tokonomas and the tanas. The ceiling has been replaced with ply sheeting.</p><br>
<h2>Glossary</h2><br>
<p>Amado: Heavy wooden storm doors on the exterior of the house that slide away during day time to allow light and air into the interior</p><br>
<p>Fusuma: Heavier sliding doors made from opaque paper on a wooden frame. - used as room separators often decorated with seasonal scenes.</p><br>
<p>Nageshi: Wooden runners in which sliding doors run.</p><br>
<p>Ranma: Fretwork panels which sit above the door lintels and allow air to circulate through the house.</p><br>
<p>Shoin: An elevated and slightly projecting alcove which developed from Buddhist study alcoves. It was adopted by the upper classes and became attached to the tokonoma.</p><br>
<p>Shoji:Translucent paper sliding screens used on the outer edges of room. Allow a diffuse light to enter - easily removed.</p><br>
<p>Tana: Decorative shelving which like a soin window adjoins the tokonoma.</p><br>
<p>Tatami: Standard floor mat, made from rice straw, which is the basic size module for all Japanese rooms. It is approximately 910x1820.</p><br>
<p>Tokonoma: A wall recess which is used for displaying art or flower arrangement and is regarded as the focal point of a Japanese room.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ruth Fairfax House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Built in New Farm in 1887 and transported and re-erected in Ingham in 1962, the house is important as the first known and one of few imported Japanese houses to Australia. The story of the house is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history. It provides evidence of late nineteenth century societys attitudes and interest in other cultures.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As a fully imported Japanese house, although relocated and altered, it demonstrates a rare building type in Australia and displays the principal characteristics of a Japanese House in the shoin style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Many of its characteristics are directly comparable with the typical Queensland house of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The detailing of the house from its heavy decorated roof tiles to its light and intricately detailed paper screens, its wide floor boards, its screening systems and its solutions to controlling its environment has aesthetic significance that varies from the Queensland house of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The House is also important for its association with its owner, Judge GW Paul, who had the prescience to import the house from Japan, something that had not been previously attempted from a country that had only recently been opened to full trade with the West.</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake is a 357 acre freshwater lake located in central Orlando, Florida. This lake, somewhat lemon shaped, is surrounded by a residential area. A series of canals on the lake&#39;s southwest provide boat access for the houses there. John Young Parkway borders the lake on part of its west side. A very small portion of John Young Parkway crosses the extreme western part of Clear Lake.</p><br>
<p>Fishing, walking and boating are popular activities. There are no public swimming areas on the shore of this lake. Three public parks border Clear Lake. On the extreme western edge is Washington Shore Park, which is mainly a park with a track, football field and four softball fields. Another park, Clear Lake Park, is on the southeast edge of the lake. This park has walking trails, a fishing dock and a boardwalk. A third park, George Barker Memorial Park, is on the northeast corner of the lake. A public boat ramp in this park is on a canal leading to Clear Lake. This park also has two fishing piers, playgrounds, a volleyball court and a basketball court.</p><br>
<p>The Take Me Fishing website says this lake contains largemouth bass, wiper (hybrid striped bass) and bluegill.</p><br>
<p>Køge Å is a 20.6 km long stream or small river which drains into the Bay of Køge in central Køge, on the east coast of Zealand, some 40 km south of Copenhagen, Denmark. The originates in the area south of the protected Regnemarks Mose boglands and is 10 metres wide at its mouthæ. a 22 km gravel road for cyclists and opedestrians follows the stream from the town of Løge to Humleore on onwards to Borup station.</p><br>
<p>Extraction of groundwater for Copenhagen&#39;s water supply has drained its basin since the 1960s and the stream is therefore fed with water from Kimmerslev Lake in dry periods and a pumping station at Skovhuse Vænge also feeds it with ground water.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Køge Å is home to the endangered Spined loach (Cobitis taenia).</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>A 22-km long gravel road for pedestrians and cyclists follows the stream. The listed Køge Bridge dates from 1637. It was designed by Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger but has been widened several times.</p><br>
<p>The Cooley Covered Bridge is a covered bridge that carries Elm Street across Furnace Brook in Pittsford, Vermont. Built in 1849, it is one of a small number of bridges in the state that has a well-documented association with the 19th-century master bridgewright Nicholas M. Powers, who grew up nearby. It is one of four surviving 19th-century covered bridges in the town, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cooley Covered Bridge is located about 1 mi south of the village of Pittsford, carrying Elm Street across Furnace Brook, which at that point flows northwest toward Otter Creek. The bridge is a single-span Town lattice truss, with a span of 50.5 ft and a total structure length of 66 ft, caused by portals that overhang the ends by 8 ft. The bridge is 18.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 15 ft (one lane). The bridge originally rested on stone abutments, which have either been rebuilt or faced in concrete. It has a slate roof. The sides are sheathed in vertical board siding, which extends around the portal ends and partly to the inside of the structure. Portions of the trusses have been reinforced by doubling the timbers, and some iron bracing has been added to the bridge&#39;s underside.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1849 by Nicholas M. Powers, who was born a farm not far from here. It is one of four bridges whose construction is known to have been executed or overseen by Powers, acknowledged as the state&#39;s best-known builder of covered bridges. It is also one of just four covered bridges in the town.</p><br>
<p>The Shaheen-Goodfellow Weekend Cottage, also known as Stoneflower, is a historic house at 704 Stony Ridge Road in Eden Isle, Arkansas, a resort community on a peninsula jutting into Greers Ferry Lake west of Heber Springs. It is a distinctive Modern structure, designed by Arkansas architect E. Fay Jones and completed in 1965. The main structure is a relatively small rectangular wood frame structure, given vertical emphasis by its placement at the top of a slope and vertical board-and-batten siding. On the lake side  of the house a wooden deck projects from the upper level, with vertical railing elements and an outdoor cooking area built in. The house is a clear predecessor to one of Jones&#39; signature works, Thorncrown Chapel, with which it shares design and construction methods, albeit in a smaller scale.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Nodaway River Bridge is located west of Grant, Iowa, United States. It spans an arm of a small pond in Pilot Grove County Park for 70 ft. The Montgomery County Board of Supervisors accepted a petition from S.M. Smith to build a bridge over the Nodaway River south of Grant in June 1876, and another bridge over the Nishnabotna River at the same time. The county contracted with the Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Co. of Leavenworth, Kansas to design and build the Nodaway River bridge, which was completed later the same year for $1,000. The bridge consists of a single-span Bowstring arch-truss with a wood deck. It remained in use as a road bridge until 1968 when it was moved to the park for use as a pedestrian bridge. Even though it is no longer in its historic location and used for its historic function, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as an example of early transportation development in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The Villisca National Guard Armory is a historic building located in Villisca, Iowa, United States. Villisca had active military units as far back as 1877. Local citizens raised the funds to build the armory, which was completed in 1913. Company F participated in the following military actions: Mexican Expedition, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War. The building was used for a variety of community events in addition to activities for the Iowa National Guard. It was used as the gymnasium for the local high school until 1959. Ownership of the building was transferred from the Villisca Armory Corporation to the State of Iowa in 1973, and in 2000 it was transferred to the Villisca Community School District. During the 2000-2001 school year it was used for classroom space when the present high school building was under construction. Subsequently, the building has been used for storage and various athletic functions. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Fühlinger See is a series of connected lakes in the Cologne suburb of Fühlingen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.</p><br>
<p>The artificial lake covers an area of 100 hectare and is a major attraction. There are equestrian routes around the lake, and the horse riding club Reiterverein Oranjehof is located nearby. Fühlinger See has an international rowing course, and was the venue for the 1998 World Rowing Championships. Men competed in 14 categories for world titles, whilst there were 10 events for women. Germany came out on top of the medal table.</p><br>
<p>The lake was created from 1912 when aggregate was excavated; according to the German Wikipedia entry, this was for what are now Bundesautobahn 4 (Aachen–Cologne) and Bundesautobahn 3 (Krefeld–Cologne), but according to a newspaper article from 1935, the fill was used for work on the railway line from Aachen to Cologne (which was indeed widened to four tracks from 1912 onwards). With the river Rhine nearby, the excavated hole quickly filled with water. From the 1930s onwards, people came to the lake to swim while excavations were still going on. In 1967, the lakes were officially turned into a recreation area. A total of seven lakes are interconnected, all grouped around a central rowing facility. The various lakes have different purposes: one is for swimming and diving, one for fishing, one for windsurfing, and three for swimming and boating, and one for rowing.</p><br>
<p>Chautauqua Park is a historic pavilion located in Red Oak, Iowa, United States. The first Chautauqua in Iowa was established at Clear Lake, Iowa in 1876, and by the 1920s there were as many as 500 Chautauqua assemblies in the state. Most of the structures used for the organization&#39;s functions in Iowa were tents, but Red Oak became the exception when this pavilion was built in 1908. The circular structure was built for about $5,200, and it had a seating capacity of between 3,500 and 5,000. Speakers on the inaugural program included orator and politician William Jennings Bryan, social reformer Jane Addams, Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette, and evangelist Gipsy Smith. It continued to host annual Chautauqua programs until 1929. Chautauqua Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Bueyeros School is a historic school building located on State Road 102 in Bueyeros, New Mexico. The school was built in 1936 by the Works Progress Administration as part of its efforts to combat rural unemployment in New Mexico. The Bueyeros area was part of New Mexicos section of the Dust Bowl, making the school project especially important to the area. The school was one of many rural schools built by the WPA in New Mexico; as may rural school districts lacked adequate facilities, school projects were a large and necessary part of the WPAs work in the state. The school has a plain Pueblo Revival design with a stucco exterior and stone drainage spouts on the east side.</p><br>
<p>The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Red Oak Firehouse and City Jail is a historic building located in Red Oak, Iowa, United States. The Red Oak Fire Company was formed in 1876 and a shed was built to house its equipment. The present Late Victorian style brick structure was built by the city in five stages. A two-story firehouse, which housed the hand-drawn fire carts and other firefighting equipment, was completed in January 1898. The two-story City Jail was architecturally integrated into the original structure in 1901. It was operated by the city marshal to house those who broke municipal ordinances, and to provide a bed and a meal to those who were homeless. Another two-story addition was completed in 1907. It was a stable to house the horses that pulled the new firefighting equipment, which was housed in another addition that was built at the same time on the south side of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The second floor was used to house firefighters. Prior to 1907 the station was staffed by volunteers. A single-story city tool house for storage of city maintenance equipment was completed in 1924. The second floor was altered in 1927 to provide apartments for three firefighters and their families. The final addition was completed in 1948 on the north side. The single-story structure provided two additional bays for fire trucks and integrated the tool house, jail, and firehouse into a single building. The city maintained the jail here until 1967 when all prisoners were housed in the county jail. The fire department remained in this facility until 1980 when a new building was completed.</p><br>
<p>The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Montgomery County Jail, also known as the Joint Law Enforcement Center, is located in Red Oak, Iowa, United States. Built in 2012, the facility houses administrative offices for the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Department, the Red Oak Police Department, the Joint Communications Center and a 24 bed jail. The historic jail, built in 1899, was adjacent to the present building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, and torn down after the new facility was built.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first county seat for Montgomery County was in Frankfort. It was transferred to Red Oak in 1865 and the present courthouse was built in 1890. By 1898 it was determined that the old jail was inadequate. A combination sheriffs house and jail was designed by the Omaha architectural firm of Fisher and Lawrie. It was built by Newman and Johnson, also from Omaha. The cells were bought from the Champion Iron Company. The sheriffs office was eventually moved to a separate facility, but the sheriff remained in residence until the summer of 1991. It was determined in the Fall of 2008 that the 1899 jail was inadequate. The decision was made to build a new facility rather than remodel the old jail. The Red Oak City Council agreed to pay $423,370 for the police department&#39;s section of the building. A $5.6 million referendum was passed on August 3, 2010 to build the new Joint Law Enforcement Center.</p><br>
<p>The Thos. D. Murphy Co. Factory and Power Plant, also known as the Thos. D. Murphy Calendar Company, is located in Red Oak, Iowa, United States. Thomas D. Murphy was the first person who successfully developed advertising art calendars, and is the individual who is most responsible for the creation, development and expansion of the art calendar industry. The three-story brick building has a four-story projecting pavilion in the center of the main facade. The Arts and Crafts Movement was the main architectural influence of the structure designed by Omaha architect Harry Lawrie. The main part of the factory building was completed in 1905 and expanded in 1907 and then again in 1920. The power plant part of the historic designation was part of the 1920 expansion. It houses a 120-horsepower Corliss steam engine that was built by the Murray Iron Works of Burlington, Iowa. It is thought to be one of the last of its kind in Iowa. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Danby Village Historic District encompasses much of the town center of Danby, Vermont. It is centered on a stretch of Main Street, roughly between Depot Street and Brook Road. The village has a cohesive collection of mid-19th century architecture, mostly residential, with a modest number of later additions. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Danby, located in southeastern Rutland County, Vermont, was settled in the late 18th century, and the area that is now Danby Village was settled around 1800. Originally less important than the more central Danby Corners area, it was the site of some of the towns early mills. At first a predominantly agrarian economy, the village achieved greater prominence beginning in the 1840s, when marble quarrying became the towns major industry. Consequences of this are that most of the buildings in the village are built on marble foundations, and are in the then-fashionable Greek Revival style of architecture. Only one building, however, is built entirely out of marble. The village saw further growth due to the arrival of the railroad in 1851, and eclipsed the Four Corners as an economic and civic center of the town.</p><br>
<p>The district is roughly centered on the junction of Main Street with Mount Tabor Avenue, and extends south beyond Depot Street and north nearly to Creamery Brook Road. There are 83 buildings in the district, most of which are of historical significance. The majority are Greek Revival in style, although some of the more prominent buildings are in later, and more elaborate, Italianate and Queen Anne styles. There are a small number of buildings, mainly residence, built in the early decades of the 20th century. Prominent civic buildings include the library, fire station, and two churches, the oldest a c. 1838 Congregational church with early Gothic features.</p><br>
<p>Old District 10 Schoolhouse, sometimes referred to as the Little Red Schoolhouse, is a 5-room former schoolhouse located in Middleburg Heights, Ohio. Built in 1912, the building was the site of Middleburg&#39;s first city hall, as well as a speakeasy during Prohibition and a railroad way station. It was then bought by Harvey Cross in 1940 and was used as his private home until his death in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Sitting vacant since then, the former schoolhouse has since deteriorated to the point of being listed on Preservation Ohio&#39;s list of most endangered historic sites in 2015.</p><br>
<p>In September 2015, the Middleburg Heights Historical Society signed an option to buy the schoolhouse, intending to make the building a museum and cultural center.</p><br>
<p>Chogha Golan is an aceramic Neolithic archaeological site in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in Iran, about 200 m from the right bank of the Konjan Cham River. Located in a semi-arid region about 30 km north of Mehran, Chogha Golan is one of the earliest aceramic Neolithic site found in Iran. The people of Chogha Golan relied primarily on the cultivation of wild plants and hunting. Chogha Golan is notable for the early presence of domesticated emmer wheat, dating to around 9,800 BP.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Chogha Golan was jointly excavated by archaeologists from the University of Tübingen and the from 2009 to 2010. The site consists of a tell with a height of about 7-8 m. Chogha Golan contains 8 m of cultural deposits. Archaeologists have divided the site into 11 layers, Archaeological Horizons I-XI. Excavations have unveiled ochre-painted plaster floors and mudbrick walls. 10 clay animal figurines were excavated at the site.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeobotany</h3><br>
<p>With almost 32,000 charred seed and chaff remains, the high density of seed and chaff remains at Chogha Golan is notable when compared to contemporary sites and even later, Bronze Age sites. 110 different species of plants have been discovered at Chogha Golan. The plant assemblage is dominated by specimens from the Poaceae and Fabaceae families: wild barley, Aegilops, lentil, Lathyrus, Pisum and Vicia. The wild varieties of several Neolithic founder crops were discovered at the site: barley, wheat, lentil and grass pea.</p><br>
<p>Wild barley was found at every layer at Chogha Golan, starting with Archaeological Horizon XI. Before the appearance of domesticated emmer wheat, wild barley was the predominate cereal crop found at Chogha Golan, while wheat was rarely found. After around 2000 years, domesticated emmer first appears at Archaeological Horizon II and is also found in Archaeological Horizon I. After the initial appearance of domesticated emmer wheat, emmer wheat became the predominate cereal grain found at the site.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The faunal assemblage at Chogha Golan is dominated by ungulates (sheep/goat, gazelle, red deer, pig, and cattle), followed by fish. The remains of tortoise, hedgehog, red fox, and Eurasian lynx are also found.</p><br>
<p>Gillespie Gap , also known as Etchoe Pass, is a mountain pass along the Blue Ridge Mountains. Historically, two event occurred at the pass. The first was in 1761 when thirty men, under the command of Francis Marion, were sent to dislodge an encampment of Cherokee warriors at the pass; ambushed, Marion lost twenty-one men. The second was in 1780 when the Overmountain Men crossed the pass on their way to Kings Mountain.</p><br>
<p>NC 226 traverses through the gap, which connects Marion and Spruce Pine. Intersecting at the gap is NC 226A, which goes to nearby Little Switzerland. The Blue Ridge Parkway also passes through the gap, providing scenic views along the adjacent ridge lines. The gap is also along the Eastern Continental Divide and the McDowell&ndash;Mitchell county line.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred Hebard House is a historic residence located in Red Oak, Iowa, United States. Hebard settled in Iowa five years after he graduated from Yale in 1832. He farmed outside of Burlington during which time he served in the territorial legislature. In 1853 he did a preliminary survey across southern Iowa for the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. He and others surveyed and platted the town of Red Oak in 1857, and settled there in 1868 when the railroad was built through the region. Hebard served in the Iowa Senate from 1875 to 1879. He had David S. Haas build this house for him in the summer and autumn of 1874. Hebard and his wife Anna lived in the house until his death in 1886. The house remained in the family until 1925. It was used as the parsonage for the First Congregational Church from then until 1932.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick structure is a textbook example of the Italianate style. The house features rusticated stone quoins, paired elongated bracketed eaves, stilted segmented arched windows, and a square-cut bay on the south side. It originally had a full-width front porch, which has subsequently been removed. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, as part of the Kangaroo Valley Group of Nature Reserves, is a protected area located on the cliffs and plateaus of the Kangaroo Valley in the Southern Highlands and South Coast regions of New South Wales in eastern Australia. The Reserve is situated approximately 150 km south of Sydney, 50 km southwest of Wollongong and 16 km northwest of. The Reserve has a total area of 1684 hectares, and includes 11 privately owned properties. It is critical for it to be pristine for a variety of reasons, not the least the catchment of water, as the Reserve floor flows into the Kangaroo Valley River and the Shoalhaven River, from which the Sydney Water Authority draws water to supply large populations in Sydney and Wollongong.</p><br>
<p>Established in 2001, the Reserve is ecologically representative of the local Shoalhaven area, which is home to temperate rainforest and threatened species; such as the Brush-tailed rock-wallaby and the apex predator, the tiger quoll. It has a protective covenant placed on it, with the ultimate purpose to ensure the protection of the natural heritage of the area.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Devils Glen, Red Rocks and Black Ash Nature Reserves were amalgamated into Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. This is now a part of the Kangaroo Valley National Parks, consisting of the smaller refuges of Kangaroo River, Cambewarra Range, Barrengarry and Rodway Nature Reserves, which are covered by the Southern Regional Forest Agreement.</p><br>
<p>Kangaroo valley is part of a system of conservation reserves, which includes Kangaroo River Nature Reserve and Barrengarry Nature Reserve. National parks in the area including the Morton National Park, Budderoo National Park and Barren Grounds Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and soils</h2><br>
<p>The Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve is located in the southern part of the Sydney Basin. The Sydney Basin is located on the central east coast of New South Wales, and it covers an area of 36240 km². The geological basin is filled with sandstones and shales from the Permian to Triassic periods that overlies older basement rocks of the Lachlan Fold Belt.</p><br>
<p>The southern part of the Sydney basin, the Permian deposits, are subdivided into two major units, the Shoalhaven Group and the Illawarra Coal Measures.The Shoalhaven Group consists of a thick succession of fine to medium-grained clastics passing upwards into a number of lava flows and interspersed volcanic flows, forced into the sandstones and originating from the Gerringong Volcanics. The Cambewarra Latite, which comprises highly feldspathic and sparsely porphyritic lava. It has the highest elevation of the group, situated in the Cambewarra Mountain region. The Illawarra Coal Measures originated from a fluvial environment; they have recognizable marine strata. The group is made up of lithic sandstones, siltstones, shales, and coal seams.</p><br>
<p>Above the Permian deposits overlie Triassic sediments, which are of fluvial origin. The Triassic deposits are subdivided into three major units: the Narrabeen Group, the Hawkesbury Sandstone and the Wianamatta shale. These groups are made up of volcanic rocks and lithic sandstones, with occasional dark coloured shales, but there is no presence of coal found in these groups.Loughnan, F.C. and Ward, C.R., 1971. Pyrophyllite-Bearing Flint Clay from the Cambewarra Area, New South Wales. Clay Minerals, 9(1), pp.83-95</p><br>
<p>Office of Environment & Heritage, 2016, Bioregions of NSW, NSW Government, viewed 8th June 2016, Also, soils of the Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve have good water holding capacity and are fertile.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The average annual rainfall is above the 1200 mm level that applies around the South Coast. Snowfalls are common above than 1000 m on the Central and Southern tablelands through winter, and even as late as November in unusual falls. The mean yearly temperature remains nearly 16 °C along the Coastal plains. Occasional heat waves occur when the conditions like temperature inversions apply, especially in Kangaroo Valley, which acts as a basin, trapping air with inversion layers. The southern region coastal section around Kiama shows the highest rainfall in summer, whereas the western region has more rain in winter. The climate of the coastal region remains calmer and warmer than high rainfall in Kangaroo Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Rivers and water quality</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous small creeks, such as Nugents Creek and O’Hares Creek, flowing through Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, which eventually flow into the Kangaroo River and Shoalhaven River and onto Lake Yarrunga that is created by Tallowa Dam. The Berry Mountain Section of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has private dams that provide water to nearby residences. The high rainfall brings fast filling of dams, which from the air or satellite imaging, can be seen dotted throughout the region. The Kangaroo River Sub-catchment is part of the drinking water catchment for Sydney, Illawarra and Shoalhaven Regions.</p><br>
<p>A water quality survey of benthic macroinvertebrates in Nugent&#39;s Creek and O’Hares Creeks conducted by students from the University of Wollongong in April 2016 revealed the presence of Mayfly, Stonefly, Caddisfly and Dragonfly larvae. The largest number of larvae found, were that of the mayfly and stonefly; these two species are sensitive to pollution and are therefore only found in areas where water is of high to good quality i.e. free of pollution.</p><br>
<p>During the summer, some parts of the river in Cambewarra dry or the water becomes black. Black water is water with little or no oxygen in it. This water is dark in color due to the destruction of plants and other organic matter so as to have high dissolved organic carbon from decomposing vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The range was first in use in the 1800s for red cedar cutting. Mr Richard Brooks, who was a soldier-settler in the Kangaroo Valley, held the first licence to cut red cedar in the area in 1836; it is said that cedar was cut from the many arms of the Kangaroo Valley, with the Cambewarra Range likely to have been one such arm. Logging, burning and trampling of the soils continued with farming and stock. The land was cleared in 1861 with increasing settlements. Around the 1960s, it was partially used for gravel extraction. Today, the area is not under economic use anymore.</p><br>
<p>The Tharawal (Dharawal) people, traditional custodians, gave the name of the area as Cambewarra. They dwelled as groups in coastal areas, now known as Sydney basin, where they relied on hunting and fishing. They hunted different Possums, Wallabies and Goannas, along with their eggs. Many berries and leafy foods are present in the Reserve, used for food and medicine. Modern covered drain, previously known as creeks, were the main source of fresh water for them.</p><br>
<p>The term Cambewarra means mountain of fire. So, these aboriginal people named the mountain, Cambewarra, because it was believed that volcano eruption once took place in the mountain. Another logic behind the name, Cambewarra, is that the apex of the mountain is mostly covered by the cloud which appears as the smoke coming from the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Habitat</h2><br>
<p>Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has mixed habitats but is dominated by coastal hinterland subtropical warm temperate rainforest consisting mainly of coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetulum) which occurs in protected slopes and gullies. The Red Rocks plateuau (formerly known as Red rocks Nature Reserve) and Black Ash segment(Bellawongarah Mountain) of the reserve is also covered in parts by the lowland dry shrub forest, northern coast and hinterland moist heath shrubland. There are small areas of upland swamp on Bellawongarah Mountain and at the western end of the Red Rocks section. © Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW 2009: Use permitted with</p><br>
<p>appropriate acknowledgment. The Red Rocks Plateau in small areas also include Northern Coastal Hinterland Heath Shrub Dry Forest and a survey conducted in the area found seven forest communities categorized as: Coachwood rainforest, Open heathland, Brown barrel (E. fastigata)/Sydney blue gum tall open forest, Silvertop ash woodland, Heathland sedge land, Sydney peppermint open forest and Open woodland-heathland. The Berry Mountain section of the reserve comprises three types of rainforest: mixed subtropical/warm temperate rainforest, warm temperate rainforest and dry rainforest. The reserve is providing suitable habitat for a large number of threatened animal species and regionally rare plant species.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, a large portion of which is old growth forest, most commonly comprises coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), Lilly pilly (Syzgium smithii), native laurel (Cryptocarya glaucescens) and</p><br>
<p>sassafras (Doryphora sassafras).Lowland Dry Shrub Forest is found on the plateau tops and upper slopes in Rodway Nature Reserve and in the Red Rocks and Black Ash sections of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. Other common trees showing dominance in this region includes red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), brown barrel (E. fastigata), Sydney peppermint (E. piperita), silver quandong, brown beech (Pennantia cunninghamii), soapy box (Citronella moorei), and giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa).Small patches of Southern Escarpment Shrub/Fern/Herb Moist Forest also occur in these areas, dominated by brown barrel E. fastigata, whitetopped box E. quadrangulata and river peppermint E. elata. Two endangered plant species Solanum celatum and Cryptostylis hunteriana (vulnerable orchid) were also recorded in the Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. The tall shrubland dominated by Melaleuca linariifolia, together with Leptospermum polygalifolium and Leptomeria acida on plateau tops of Black ash and Red Rocks sections shows significance due to restricted distribution.</p><br>
<p>The Berry Mountain section of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve showed three separate groupings:</p><br>
<p>firstly,mixed subtropical/warm temperate rainforest on boulder and scree slope, with silver quandong Elaeocarpus kirtonii, maidens blush Sloanea australis and brush cherry Syzygium australe on deeper soil</p><br>
<p>secondly, warm temperate rainforest of coachwood, crabapple Schizomeria ovata, sassafras, jackwood Cryptocarya glaucescens, bolly gum Litsea reticulata and lilly pilly on shallower soils and lastly,dry rainforest of whalebone tree Streblus brunonianus, deciduous fig Ficus superba, red olive-berry Elaeodendron australe, grey myrtle Backhousia myrtifolia and water gum Tristaniopsis laurina on shallowest soils subject to water stress.</p><br>
<p>In addition to trees, various types of beautiful flowers can be found in this region such as Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and Callistemon citrinus.The study stated that the Cambewarra Mountain area has one of the largest areas of subtropical rainforest remaining in the Illawarra-Shoalhaven.Much of the vegetation is old growth or mature forest but significant areas have been disturbed and there are small areas of regrowth. The disturbances are a result of fires and selective logging in parts of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Two threatened plant species have been recorded in Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. The endangered Solanum celatum was observed on Cambewarra Mountain early in the 20th century but it is not known if it still occurs there. The vulnerable orchid Cryptostylis hunteriana is found on the Red Rocks plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve provides suitable habitat for diverse species of animals as it has a combination of different types of habitat; the diversity is particularly high in the case of birds and herpetofauna. Fauna surveys conducted in the area has revealed a total of 61 species in the Red Rocks section of the Reserve. Several endangered native animal species are found in Camberwarra Range Nature Reserve which includes eastern bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus), brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata), sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa), powerful owl(Ninox strenua), giant burrowing frog (Heleioporus australiacus), olive whistler (Pachycephala olivacea), spotted-tail quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), eastern bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii), yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis)and long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus). Rock-wallaby numbers are declining and there is current only one known rock-wallaby colony remaining in the reserves – in the western part of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. Also,Faunal surveys (using remote cameras and hair funnel traps) conducted by citizen scientists (staff and students from the University of Wollongong) since 2014 have revealed the following common native species in abundance: swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor), bush rat (Rattus fuscipes), Eastern swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus), brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis), and sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps).</p><br>
<h2>Human impacts</h2><br>
<p>Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve is larger in area compared to other nature reserves in the same region and it is surrounded by private land. With this urbanization, native faunal and floral diversity has more trends to be influenced by humans. For example, clearing and incursion weed, agricultural pest control and introduced predators such as cats and foxes may affect the fauna and flora in the nature reserve. Lantana is a most common incursion weed type in wet forest margins of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. The native species of Brush-tailed rock-wallaby is threatened by foxes, but the fox control has been undertaken within the reserve. Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has water catchment areas. There are creeks that flow in to Kangaroo river and hence to Lake Yarrunga (Tallowa Dam). That is a part of Shoalhaven Scheme. The dam supplies water for the residences around Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. Although the nature reserve is known to have limited access and few facilities for public, it already has facilities for walking, bird watching, scenery viewing, horse riding (only on public roads within reserve) and educational use like research. A vehicle park and also publicly available vehicle access are available within the reserve. Leobold Hill road and Red Rocks Trig Trail are the roads across the reserve’s plateau which makes available the access through to the end of the cliff line. It makes significant damage to the trail where it crosses a poorly drained area. This happens especially in wet weather.</p><br>
<h2>Research and Management</h2><br>
<p>Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has recently attracted attention from students and citizen scientists from the University of Wollongong. These student biologists conduct regular fieldwork and ecological research in the reserve to monitor habitat structure and biodiversity. Due to its high conservation values and the reserve holding some threatened species, it is critical to monitor the species population levels, as animals like foxes are capable of disrupting whole populations of native animals like the Rock Wallaby.</p><br>
<p>Sections of the Reserve were identified for suitability in long term ecological research (see LTER: Long Term Ecological Research Network), and since 2014 areas in the Reserve have been surveyed for its fauna, using various techniques, such as remote cameras and hair funnel traps. These were placed and retrieved for data by scientists and students from University of Wollongong. Twice a year (since 2014) the data is collected and some of it is represented in the gallery of fauna found on this page.</p><br>
<p>The legislation and policies for the management of nature reserves in NSW come under National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act), the NPW Regulation, the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act), Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EPA Act), and the policies of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS).</p><br>
<p>This area contains the Endangered Ecological Community known as the Illawarra Subtropical Rainforest (in the Sydney Basin Bioregion); see Schedule 2, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 no 63. The Illawarra Subtropical Rainforest is one of ten priority management sites which have been identified by the NSW Government Office of Environment and Heritage. Site 10:</p><br>
<p>is the Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. This site incorporates the slopes to the north of Cambewarra, including Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, up to Tourist Road and extending east towards Jaspers Brush. The total site area is 1,322 (ha)</p><br>
<p>The developmental control of this Reserve is effectively exercised by the director of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW). Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve management objectives are to protect and conserve the biodiversity, the geological features and the cultural values of landscapes. There is a rural-residential pressure on this area, as the landscape of Cambewarra Range consists of bushland, agricultural and urban elements. The pressure on the habitat, particularly on the quoll, is undergoing a slow but inevitable transformation towards a higher proportion of cleared land for residential and farm buildings, with gardens, grazing paddocks, and bushfire reduction areas through clearing around buildings. Although not as extensive as it once was, there is still some clearing for defined agricultural use, rather than the lifestyle, accommodation clearing that predominates throughout the region. Other land management issues include encroachment and introduction of weeds, invasion by feral cats, foxes and other introduced animals. There is a degree of difficulty in achieving effective fire protection, in avoiding disturbance from trail bikes and quads, and there can be pollution of streams (spillage, fertiliser runoff) and illegal forest clearing for timber that is sold for furniture manufacture, housing, fencing and boutique firewood use, like the special aromas coming from certain wood-fired ovens.</p><br>
<p>Given that the native carnivore, the spotted-tail quoll, has been sighted in the Reserve, as the native apex predator or apex carnivore, this species deserves special mention. It is now widely regarded that key objectives of many programmes, which seek to maintain ecosystem function, should include strategies to conserve such carnivores. The study by Glen and Dickman (2008) found that quolls foraged mainly in forested habitat, while introduced carnivores foraged mainly in cleared habitat. This study, although conducted in north-eastern NSW, is still applicable to the Cambewarra area. The study indicated there was a strong potential for competition between quolls and the non-native carnivores, like the fox and feline cat. Thus, continued monitoring, and where applicable, the eradication of pest species such as foxes, cats and dogs, including the use of poison ground baits, is recommended. Ths study also highlights the relationships between clearing of native habitat and the spread of introduced species</p><br>
<p>Callistemon citrinus in Cambewarra Reserve.jpgCallistemon citrinus</p><br>
<p>Cambewerra Nature Reserve Discovery.jpgCambewerra Nature Reserve Discovery</p><br>
<p>Field Trip to Cambewerra.jpgField trip</p><br>
<p>Some plants from cambewarra.jpgPlants</p><br>
<p>Landscape of cambewarra range.jpgLandscape</p><br>
<p>Group Project.jpgEnjoying the fresh air and the beautiful landscape while discussing the project</p><br>
<p>DIY Toilet in Nature.jpgDIY Toilet in nature</p><br>
<p>Photos of the waterfall.jpgthumbZekai and David while taking photos of the waterfall</p><br>
<p>The Cottage on King&#39;s Row is a historic house at 1400 Main Street  in Bristol, Maine. Built c. 1853-54, it is a high-quality and well-preserved example of Gothic Revival architecture, based on the designs of Andrew Jackson Downing. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cottage on King&#39;s Row stands on the west side of SR 32 in the Round Pond village of Bristol. It is a 1-1/2 story L-shaped wood frame structure, with a cross-gabled main block and a gabled ell extending to the left with a smaller cross-gable. Both front-facing gables are treated with elaborately carved vergeboard, and the windows are framed by molded hoods with ears. Single-story porches extend across both sections, also featuring elaborate carved and turned woodwork. The interior retains many original finishes, including pine floors, plaster, and wooden trim elements.</p><br>
<p>The house is one of several Gothic cottages built in Round Pond in the 1850s. Three others were built in the immediate vicinity of this one, which retains more of its historical features than the other two that survive. The builders of three of them, including this one, were brothers in the Yates family, which had been present in Round Pond since 1742. This house appears to have been built about 1853 or 1854 for Alexander Yates by Edward Rowley. The architectural structure and detailing of the house are consistent with the principles laid down by designer Andrew Jackson Downing in his Cottage Residences (1842) and The Architecture of Country Houses (1850), suggesting that the builder was familiar with at least one of these works.</p><br>
<p>The Dean Covered Bridge was a Town lattice truss covered bridge, carrying Union Street across Otter Creek in Brandon, Vermont. Built in 1840, it was one of Vermont&#39;s oldest covered bridges at the time of its destruction in 1986 by an arsonist. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and was replaced by a modern steel and concrete bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dean Covered Bridge was located about 1 mi south of the center of Brandon Village. Union Street is a local road, providing access from the village to the rural southwestern part of the town, and crosses Otter Brook on a roughly northeast-southwest alignment. The bridge was a single-span Town lattice truss structure with an overall length of 132 ft and a truss length of 121 ft. It was 21.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 18 ft. Laminated stringers had been tied to its underside to add strength, as were iron sway braces. The exterior of the bridge was finished in flush vertical board siding, and it had a gabled slate roof.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built about 1838, and was (along with the Sanderson Covered Bridge) one of two surviving 19th-century covered bridges in Brandon at the time of its listing on the National Register in 1974. The bridge was destroyed by an arsonist in 1986, and has been replaced by a modern steel and concrete bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Westerbecker Berg is a forested hill in the Teutoburg Forest and, at, the highest point in Tecklenburg Land, the county of Steinfurt and the administrative region of Münster in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Westerbecker Berg lies in the TERRA.vita Nature Park (formerly the North Teutoburg Forest and Wiehen Hills Nature Park) in the municipality of Lienen north of the farming community of Westerbeck. To the south and southwest of the hill the terrain transitions into the Münsterland Park Landscape of Münsterland which enables very good long-distance views.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The historical trade route known as the Hermannsweg, now a long-distance trail, runs over the Westerbecker Berg. The trail runs along the crest of the hills that form the Teutoburg Forest from Rheine to Velmerstot in the Egge.</p><br>
<p>Quarries on the hillsides recall the once flourishing extraction of limestone here. As a result a cableway was built to the Hüggel, which may be seen to the north-northeast. Limestone was transported on the Hüggelbahn to the Georgsmarienhütte works and used as aggregate limestone (Zuschlagskalk).</p><br>
<p>The Totenkopf is a hill, on the Brilon Heights in the counties of Hochsauerlandkreis and Paderborn, in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Totenkopf, most of which is in the Sauerland and Diemel Uplands, is around 4.5 kilometres as the crow flies west of Marsberg on the Brilon Heights which surround the Brilon Plateau and, in the north, gradually transition via the Alme Uplands into the Sintfeld. It is located on the boundary between the Obermarsberg Forest in the east and the Madfeld Forest in the west.</p><br>
<p>The northern boundary of the Diemelsee Nature Park runs over the densely wooded summit of the Totenkopf. On its northern hillside, and thus on the side on which Bleiwäsche lies a few kilometres away, is the highest point in the region of Ostwestfalen-Lippe and the county of Paderborn.</p><br>
<p>A number of streams rise on the Totenkopf and its spurs: the Große Aa, Kleine Aa, Dütlingsbach and Momeke. Just under 650 metres as the crow flies to the northeast of the summit is the Totenkopfstein monument. The so-called Totenkopfstein (i.e. Skull-Stone) was a boundary marker showing a skull and bones.</p><br>
<p>The highest hills in the vicinity of the Totenkopf, which are actually its spurs, are the Klettenberg (; to the northeast), the Brülingskopf (; to the southeast), the Brautlicht (; to the southwest) and the Liebfrauenberg (ca. to the southwest).</p><br>
<h2>Watersheds</h2><br>
<p>The Rhine-Weser watershed runs over the Totenkopf. So while the waters of the Großen Aa and Kleine Aa, which are impounded a few kilometers north of the hill by the Aabach Dam to form the Aabach Reservoir, drain via the Aabach, Afte, Alme and Lippe in a predominantly northwesterly direction into the Rhine, the shorter streams that rise south of the Totenkopf drain via the Hoppecke and Diemel, or from the Momeke and Dütlingsbach straight into the Diemel, in a mainly northeasterly direction into the Weser.</p><br>
<p>Pelota Mano Court is a heritage-listed sports ground at Trebonne Road, Trebonne, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Ford, Hutton & Newell and built in 1959 by Idillio Quartero and Ken Duffy. It is also known as Basque Handball Court and Fronton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 July 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pelota Mano (Handball) Court, or fronton, was opened on 28 November 1959, in Trebonne, a small township, eight kilometres west of Ingham in the Herbert River district of North Queensland. Jack Williams, solicitor, opened the court and Reverend Father Tomas Ormazabal, travelling Chaplain for the Spanish community of North Queensland, dedicated it. The court was established through the efforts of the local Basque community.</p><br>
<p>Handball is an ancient game. The Maya tribes of pre-Columbian America and the ancient Greeks and Romans had versions of the game. The Romans spread it throughout western Europe. In the area of modern-day France, a variation of the Romans&#39; game of "pila" emerged, and during the Middle Ages it became known as "jeu de paume". Basque handball is a derivative of this game.</p><br>
<p>Andrea Navajero, a Venetian historian, travelled through the Basque county in 1528 and commented on how all the males played this game. Indoor (courte paume) and outdoor (longue paume) versions endured during the 18th century, but following the French Revolution the games were nearly abandoned for being associated with royalty and nobility. Its popularity, however, remained in small circles. From the early outdoor version evolved modern tennis and in the Basque country it became the present manifestation of Basque handball.</p><br>
<p>The Basque pelota mano derives from Roman versions of the game and spread throughout western Europe and France. What became the traditional game "pelota basque" played in church porticos or during village festivals is now played competitively at international competitions. The supreme version of the game is today "cesta-punta" and is played with a long, scooped wicker basket, a "chistera", on a fronton called a "jai-alai".</p><br>
<p>Besides the chistera, the game can be played with an assortment of equipment, for example, the bare hand, a wooden bat or a wooden-framed strung racket called a "xare". There are also different types of balls, for example, one is covered in leather and weighs 52 grams, another is covered in parchment and weighs 90 grams, while yet another is rubber and weighs 40 grams.</p><br>
<p>Originally played face to face, the introduction of more rapid rubber balls compelled a change in the game: returning the ball to a wall instead of over the net. Thus Basque handball was born. While theoretically, the game can be played anywhere where there is a high wide wall, three types of pelota mano courts evolved: the "plaza laxoa" or open court with only one wall at the front; the "ezker pareta" or left-wall court with one wall at the front and one on the players left and the "trinketa" or original court of the indoor form with four walls. The handball court at Trebonne is an example of the ezker pareta type of court.</p><br>
<p>Basque migration to the Herbert River District, North Queensland, began in 1907 and grew in momentum, peaking between 1958 and 1960. The numbers were never great (In the five voyages between 1958 and 1960 that brought Spaniards to Australia, 387 identified themselves as Basque residents) and today there is little, if any, migration of Basques to North Queensland. By the late 1960s only 100 people of Spanish nationality, 85% of whom identified as Basques, remained in the district. Basque immigrants were predominantly male, with most arriving to cut sugar cane. While canecutting was an arduous task and left the canecutter weary by nightfall, on the weekends the cutters were keen to socialise. One popular gathering place was a farm owned by the Mendiolea family, where migrants found hospitality and companionship, home cooked food and family life. In Trebonne in the 1950s improvisation was necessary. The Mendiolea concrete farm house had a high, wide back wall, and, with a tennis ball, many young Basque migrants soon found a traditional outlet for their excess energy - pelota mano.</p><br>
<p>Another place to socialise was the Trebonne Hotel run by Mr and Mrs Joe Sartoresi. The hotel attracted Spanish and Basque canecutting gangs working and living on the farms west of Ingham and was ideally located on the intersection of the main road from Ingham to Abergowrie and the road to Stone River. Open-air dancing took place on a wooden floor laid over the grass and card games, especially "mus", were played. These pastimes connected the Basque people with their homeland. Eventually they were able to play pelota mano in the grounds of the hotel, courtesy of Joe Sartoresi.</p><br>
<p>The hotelier was persuaded to build a court by two brothers, Jose Marie and Felix Jayo, who ran a baker&#39;s shop across from the hotel at the time, and Albert Urberuaga. They had seen the potential for a proper court in the grounds of the hotel. For many months Sartoresi remained sceptical. The cost was an issue and he had never seen the game played. One afternoon, Sartoresi visited the Mendiolea farm, where he not only saw the vigorous and noisy game in progress, but noted how many people were gathered, and that a good amount of beer was being consumed as the afternoon passed. He came away with a change of heart. He could see that the initial cost of the court would be compensated by the increased clientele and the business they would generate.</p><br>
<p>In order to build the fronton a plan was required. Albert Urberuaga with Augustin Adarraga obtained a plan from the Basque country, however, being for a plan for a jai-alai court, it was too large and had to be modified in both size and strength. The court also had to comply with building regulations which required that the structure be able to "withstand winds of over 100 miles an hour." Appropriate plans were drawn up by architectural firm, Ford, Hutton and Newell. Builders Idillio Quartero and Ken Duffy were engaged for the construction.</p><br>
<p>The structure was built on two feet wide and six feet deep foundations. It was constructed of concrete composed of four parts river gravel and sand to one part Portland cement. It was estimated that about 80 tons of cement was used. Both upright walls were reinforced with steel. At the highest point the walls were six metres and at the lowest point, three metres. The court was 18 metres in length and six metres wide. The playing surfaces were finished with a cement render. The cement was mixed in a large cement mixer and transferred to wheelbarrows. The wheelbarrows were pushed up planks on wooden scaffolding constructed around the formwork. In between moves of the scaffolding the slope of the plank increased. As it did a run-up was required with each push of the full wheelbarrow. There was much community interest in the construction and the Basques could hardly restrain their excitement. The two contractors with one paid worker, an apprentice, and some weekend helpers took six weeks to complete the contract.</p><br>
<p>The playing area was divided into six cuadro (sections) each one marked and numbered in paint. At a later date Jose Badiola, bricklayer, added another 10 feet of wall to make seven cuadro. Not built to the same specifications as the original this addition was later demolished as it became unsafe. The fronton was also equipped with lights for night games. On the opening day, formalities were conducted by Jack Williams and Father Ormazabal, and tributes were paid to the Sartoresi family, an exhibition game and barbeque were also held. On this occasion and for special competitions traditional Basque clothing was worn to play the game, consisting of a white skirt and trousers with a green or red sash, a guerrko, and espadrille like footwear, known as alpargatas.</p><br>
<p>The publicans during the heyday of the fronton were Joe Sartoresi and Gino Manini. The first advertised event was a "Monster Dance and Barbecue" held on Saturday, 16 July 1960. Entertainment included an exhibition of handball and an orchestra. A Spanish Handball Club was founded on 24 June 1960. Joe Sartoresi was appointed Patron while Pasqual Badiola was elected President. The Spanish Club held barbeques to raise money for the upkeep of the fronton, to purchase seating and to purchase the goatskin pelotas which were sent from the Basque country.</p><br>
<p>For nearly a decade, the fronton attracted many people, especially on Friday nights and on the weekend. Up to 200 people gathered, particularly on nights when there was dancing and a barbecue organised by the Club. Over the years, the Spanish Handball Club (variously referred to as the Spanish Club, the Handball Club and the Trebonne Handball Club) was not the only organisation which benefited from the entertainment at the fronton. The Trebonne State School, Ingham Golf Club, Tennis Association, amongst others, have been beneficiaries. In all the years of its use, activity at the fronton peaked from July to December, the harvesting months.</p><br>
<p>Few of the Basques who came to the Herbert River District in the late 1950s and early 1960s remained. Most, if they did not return to their Basque homeland, settled elsewhere, particularly in Melbourne and Sydney. Today the Pelota Mano Handball Court stands unused, attracting occasional interest from locals and tourists. It remains, however, as a solitary remaining monument, marking the small but significant migration of Basque people to North Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pelota Mano Handball Court is located in Trebonne Road, Trebonne. The court comprises two reinforced concrete walls and concrete slabs on the ground. The long or side wall (eastern elevation) is eighteen metres in length. The end wall (southern) elevation is six metres in length.</p><br>
<p>The concrete sections extend beyond the long wall, in a generally northerly direction, for six metres. The slab extension has remains of a brick wall extension which has collapsed. An electrical fuse box and conduits are located on the end wall. The court sits generally in the north-eastern corner of the property, surrounded by a chain wire fence. There is no other development on the property on which the court is located.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Pelota Mano Court was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 July 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne, is significant historically as a rare illustration of the presence of people of Basque origin in Queensland. Basque migration to northern Queensland peaked in the late 1950s, and although small in numbers, contributed significantly to the sustainability of the sugar industry in North Queensland in the 1950s and early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>There are few monuments or reminders of the presence of the Basques in Queensland, as many later returned to their homeland or relocated to southern cities, which devolves strong rarity value on the Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne. The place is further significant for its rarity as the only purpose-built fronton constructed in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Constructed with one wall at the front and one on the players left, the Pelota Mano Court is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the "ezker pareta", or left-wall type of traditional Basque handball court construction.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne has social significance, having historically a strong association for the Basque community in Trebonne and surrounding areas as one of the focal points for their cultural and social activities. It remains important to people of Basque descent who still reside in the district, as evidenced by the recently written history of the place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne, is significant for its strong association with the Basque community in the district. The small but significant migration of Basque people to the area was instrumental in the success of the sugar industry in North Queensland, particularly in the period following the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Karoh Peak is a 1,467 m tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, Haryana, India. It is highest point in the state of Haryana</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and Religious Significance</h2><br>
<p>Karoh Peak is named the local Hindu deity, the Kroh or Karoh Deota.</p><br>
<h2>Karoh Deota Temple and Archaeological Site</h2><br>
<p>The Karoh Deota is the presiding deity of the Karoh hill. At the top there are three brick and mortar shrines of Karoh deota. There are also rock sculptures placed outside one of the shrine, that are archaeological fragments of ruined ancient Hindu temples.</p><br>
<h2>Highest point in Haryana</h2><br>
<p>At 1467 metres Karoh Peak is the highest mountain peak in the state of Haryana. The British rulers had originally and incorrectly recorded in The Imperial Gazetteer of India the height of Karoh Hill to be 1499 metres. Actual measurements by the Survey of India found the actual height to be 100 feet lower and official height was revised down to 1467 metres.</p><br>
<h2>River Basins</h2><br>
<p>It is located within the Indus river basin and Ghaggar-Hakra River basin. The Ghaggar-Hakra River basin which is said to be remnant of Sarasvati River, that is said to originate from Adi Badri (Haryana), was home of the Indus Valley Civilisation.</p><br>
<h2>Forests and Trekking</h2><br>
<p>One can take motored transport from Chandigarh via Panchkula to reach Chhamla-Daman-Thapli road in Haryana. The Karoh Peak is nearly 500 m vertical distance from Chhamla-Daman-Thapli road and can be climbed by traversing a 2 km trek via the dhanis (small settlements) of Churi and Diyothi of Bhoj Darara.</p><br>
<p>The Depot Covered Bridge is a historic Town lattice truss bridge, carrying Depot Hill Road over Otter Creek in Pittsford, Vermont. The bridge was built about 1840, and is one of Vermont&#39;s older covered bridges. It underwent restoration in the 1980s, and was subsequently reinforced with steel stringers. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Depot Covered Bridge is located near the geographic center of Pittsford, west of the main village, on Depot Hill Road, which provides access from the village to the western part of the community. It is single-span Town lattice structure, set on stone abutments that have been faced in concrete. It has a total span of 121 ft, with the upper ends of the trusses extending 6 ft beyond the abutments at either end. The bridge is 22 ft wide, with a roadway width of 18 ft (one lane). The bridge is sheathed in vertical board siding, and its roof is slate. The bridge deck is now supported by steel stringers.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built about 1840, and was one of four surviving 19th-century covered bridges in Pittsford in 1974, when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It underwent restoration in 1974, at which time the abutments were faced in concrete, and in 2006 its deck was supported by steel stringers.</p><br>
<p>The Springfield Bridge is a historic bowstring truss bridge, spanning Cadron Creek in rural Faulkner County, Arkansas, United States. It is east of Springfield, and a short way south of the Springfield Road bridge. It is 188 ft long, set on stone abutments, with tubular metal top chords that rise 15 ft above the bottom chords. Built circa 1871–74, it is the oldest documented highway bridge in the state and its only documented bowstring arch bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. In 2015, the Faulkner County Historical Society began a drive to relocate the bridge as part of a local trail network. The bridge has suffered from neglect due to its remote location as well as damage by fire and vandalism.</p><br>
<p>The Titan II ICBM Launch Complex 374-5 Site is a historic military installation in rural Faulkner County, Arkansas. It is located roughly midway between Greenbrier and Conway, on the east side of United States Route 65 about 0.4 mi north of its junction with East Cadron Ridge Road. It is an underground complex on 10 acre of land, featuring a missile silo and launch control facility. Its ground-level access points have been back-filled with rubble or welded shut, and are discernible only by the presence of concrete pads and mounds of earth. Surface features also include the remnants of a helicopter pad and a theodolite siting marker, and the original access road to the facility from US 65. The facility was staffed by the 374th Strategic Missile Squadron between 1963 and 1986, housing an LGM-25C Titan II ICBM, and was decommissioned and rendered non-functional in 1987 under the terms of the SALT II strategic arms treaty.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Garners Beach Burial Ground is a heritage-listed cemetery at Garners Beach Road, Garners Beach, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1935 to 1968. It is also known as Clump Point Private Cemetery, Garners Beach Cemetery, and Wilford Hill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 April 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Garners Beach Burial Ground is associated with the settlement of the Muff Creek area, just north of Clump Point and Bingil Bay, by the Garner family, who held the land around Muff Creek from 1911 to the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The first of the Garner family to be associated with the beach were Edward Thomas Garner, his wife Edith Fay Johnson, and their 3 children. Edward and Edith and their first child, Edward Henry, emigrated to New South Wales. ET Garner was a seaman, and had spent most of his life working on boats, or building them. It is thought that he came to Queensland in 1889 from Sydney, when he brought up to Townsville for the Hayles brothers, the boat with which they commenced their ferry service to Magnetic Island. Garner stayed in North Queensland and took up timber-getting. This occupation brought him to the Clump Point district, where he cut logs from the hills behind Mission Beach.</p><br>
<p>By the Garner family had settled in Cardwell, and in the early 1900s were engaged in ferrying stores, plants and equipment for the Chinese who were establishing banana plantations along the Hull River, and lightering plantation produce to the coastal steamers offshore, for transport to southern markets. In 1905 they took up a selection on the Murray River and established a sawmill there, producing packing cases for the banana trade. In 1909 they moved to Bingil Bay, where ET Garner, his son EH Garner, his nephew Arthur Garner of Mundoo, and his son-in-law Adolph (Lou) Wildsoet, erected and managed a sawmill for the Cutten family on their Bicton Plantation near Clump Point. The sawmill did not prove profitable for the Cuttens. They soon sold it, and the Garner family looked around for a selection of their own in the district.</p><br>
<p>Late in 1910, ET Garner made application to select portion 10v, parish of Hull, a block of just under 160 acres along Muff Creek, with a coastal frontage (now known as Garners Beach), extending from a promontory on the coast just north of Middle Beach, northwest to Cedar Creek. Much of this block was covered by dense tropical jungle or bloodwood, tea tree and mahogany forest. It had been surveyed and thrown open to selection in 1905, when the Maria Creeks district was opened up for the banana trade. Selected by F Dillon in 1905, it was forfeited by 1906, and offered for selection again in 1910 as an Agricultural Farm. In December 1910, ET Garner was granted a 20 year lease on the block from 1 January 1911, and was issued with a license to occupy it as an Agricultural Farm (AF 755).</p><br>
<p>On the Muff Creek selection, the ET Garners were joined by the families of their son Edward Henry and daughter Elizabeth Ann Wildsoet, and by Arthur Garner. The Garner-Wildsoet families cleared the land and grew bananas for export by sea. Several shipping companies - Adelaide Steamship, Howard Smith and AUSN lines - regularly picked up plantation produce off the various beaches or stream-mouths. The Garners built several boats on their Muff Creek selection - some as long as 60 feet long, with steam or oil engines - and were heavily involved with lightering activity on Muff, Maria and Liverpool Creeks. They transported intending settlers, goods and supplies upstream, and farm produce downstream and out to the shipping company boats offshore. The family also attended to some of the navigation lights in the area. When sugar farms were established in the hinterland in the early 1910s, the Garners commenced lime production, blasting coral from King Reefs with gelignite. This was burnt at Garners Beach, and transported by boat to South Johnstone, for sale to sugar cane farmers.</p><br>
<p>By late 1915, over 40 acres of the Garner selection had been felled and was under cultivation: 30 acres under bananas, 8 acres under citrus fruits, and 3 acres under pineapples; with a further 5 acres felled, burnt and partly cleared. Much of the unskilled work was done by local Aborigines, who were paid in food and tools, apparently to everyone&#39;s mutual satisfaction. Four 4-roomed houses of silky oak with galvanised iron roofs (prefabricated buildings shipped from Townsville) had been constructed, and improvements included outbuildings and a lime kiln. The property was known as Wilford Hill - presumably named after Wilford Hill, Nottingham, England where Edward Thomas and Edith Fay were married in 1886.</p><br>
<p>During the First World War (1914-1918), only ET Garner, his wife and youngest daughter (Nellie) remained at the beach. Arthur Garner joined the Australian Imperial Force and served at Gallipoli, and EH Garner and his family left the beach to take up timber-hauling work near Silkwood. The principal shipping companies, with many of their vessels commandeered for war purposes, curtailed their coastal trade, and Clump Point settlers like the Garners lost access to southern markets. However, until the completion of the North Coast railway line from Brisbane to Cairns in 1924, ET Garner still found work for his boats, which his daughter helped him to run. For a while the coastal steamers continued to call at the wharf in Maria Creek established by the Adelaide Steamship Company, and the Garner boats ferried the cargoes of most of the Clump Point growers from their beaches to the wharf. The loss of markets was compounded by a severe cyclone in 1918, which devastated the district, destroying houses, plantations, boats and a newly completed government wharf near Clump Point. The ET Garner&#39;s house, built halfway up Wilford Hill, was swept away.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1920s, ET Garner had acquired adjoining selection no.1174, and was resident there from at least 1921 to 1924. By late 1925, the Garners had returned to portion 10v, where they had about 800 citrus trees and 12 acres under bananas. There was a 5-roomed house on the property, 5 small accommodation huts, and a cow bail and yards. It is understood that the galvanised iron huts were erected in the 1920s as fishing/holiday accommodation for use by the Garner family, their visitors and paying holiday-makers, but served a more charitable purpose during the 1930s. JG Tierney, who married into the Garner family, later recalled:Many years later as I moved to different areas in the North with my wife and family I would work with men who, when told that my wife was a Garner from Garners Beach, would tell me of the fond memories of good times they had spent at Garners Beach and I started to realise that there was a story to the family that I didn&#39;t know and was never mentioned by them. As I understand it, during the 1930s depression some people who came on hard times were welcome to stay at the beach and as the area was nearly self-supporting nobody went hungry and after a period of time as they sorted themselves out would move on and continue with their lives.In 1931, ET Garner applied for an extension of his lease on Agricultural Farm no.755 (portion 10v). This was approved and extended to 30 years from 1 January 1911. A January 1931 inspection of the property concluded that it was a very well improved farm, recently extra good improvements effected for dairying.</p><br>
<p>By mid-1935, the property was being managed by Lou Wildsoet and his sons. On 24 August 1935, Edith Garner, aged 67 years, died at Wilford Hill. She was buried the following day near her home, in what is now known as Garners Beach Burial Ground, the first interment there. ET Garner retired to Tully, and in 1937 his lease on AF755 was transferred to his son, who in 1941 obtained title to the land as freehold.</p><br>
<p>The second interment at Garner&#39;s Beach was that of Catherine Mary Garner (nee Wildsoet), wife of EH Garner, who died on 1 January 1937 at Tully District Hospital following a car accident, and was buried at Wilford Hill the next day. A late 1930s photograph indicates that a barbed wire fence once delineated the boundary of the burial ground.</p><br>
<p>By October 1939, EH Garner was making little use of Wilford Hill other than to run a few dairy cattle, devoting most of his time to operating a hire boat, taking fishing parties to the Great Barrier Reef. He was also rafting logs to Dunk Island for trans-shipping. During the Second World War (1939–45) several of EH Garners children served with the armed forces. After the war his sons returned to Garners Beach, built a 45-foot boat they called the Day Spring, and into the 1950s continued taking boating parties around the Reef.</p><br>
<p>ET Garner died at Tully District Hospital on 4 July 1945, aged 86 years, and was buried the next day at the Clump Point Private Cemetery. This was the third burial at Garners Beach.</p><br>
<p>From 1951, the Garner family began to subdivide portion 10v, and in the late 1950s/early 1960s several holiday homes were constructed near Garner&#39;s Beach, including the retreat of Australian Treasurer and later Prime Minister, Harold Holt. The Holt residence was located near the Garner graves.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s two more members of the Garner family were laid to rest at Garner&#39;s Beach: Edward Henry Garner, who died at the Innisfail District Hospital on 27 March 1965, aged almost 77 years; and Edward Christian Garner, son of Edward Henry Garner and Catherine Mary Wildsoet, who died at the Innisfail District Hospital on 18 August 1968, aged 59 years.</p><br>
<p>Following EH Garner&#39;s death, title to nearly 26 acres at Garners Beach, which included the burial ground, was transferred in 1965 to his son and daughter-in-law, Stanley Douglas Garner and Elsie Norma Garner. They in turn sold the property, including the burial ground, to the Kenny family in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Garners Beach, lying southeast-northwest, is situated in a large bay between Ninney and Murdering Points, a couple of kilometres north of Bingil Bay. Middle Beach separates Garner&#39;s Beach from Bingil Bay.</p><br>
<p>The southeastern end of Garner&#39;s Beach forms a small bay, where the Garner family established their settlement. The beach is about a kilometre in length with a rocky outcrop at the northwest end. Past these rocks is another small beach (Carstairs), also terminated by a rocky outcrop, and north of this is Figtree Beach, bounded by Muff Creek to the south and Maria Creek to the north. Kurrimine Beach lies on the north side of Maria Creek.</p><br>
<p>The burial ground is located on private property about halfway up a promontory (Wilford Hill) at the southeastern end of Garners Beach, and is accessed from Garners Beach Road. The site is approximately 200 metres from the flat where most of the early 20th century settlement occurred, and occupies a small area 12 metres by 13 metres, defined by, and partly including, vehicular tracks in use on the property.</p><br>
<p>The burial ground contains the graves of five members of the Garner family: Edith Fay Garner (buried 25 August 1935), Catherine Mary Garner (buried 2 January 1937), Thomas Edward Garner (buried 5 July 1945), Edward Henry Garner (buried 29 March 1965), and Edward Christian Garner (buried 20 August 1968). The graves are located in close proximity to each other, and face west. Four of the graves share a common concrete grave kerbing, 250mm high by 150mm wide, which has remnant evidence of a simple worked metal surround. The grave of Edward Christian Garner lies immediately east of the other graves, and has a separate concrete surround with concrete corner posts with chain metal strung between them. Each of the graves has a concrete headstone, with a marble plaque attached. The headstones of the three men buried here each displays a sequence of three symbols, in bas-relief and painted black, at the top of the headstone: a ships wheel, a Christian cross, and a ships anchor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Garners Beach Burial Ground was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Garner&#39;s Beach Burial Ground has a close association with the work of the Garner family - farmers, boat builders and boat operators - in developing the Clump Point district as a fruit producing region in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The family was well-known and highly regarded in the local community, and in their boat building and boat operating activities in particular, made a significant contribution to the development of the area.</p><br>
<p>The Days Ferry Historic District encompasses a rural village that grew around a ferry crossing on the Kennebec River in what is now Woolwich, Maine. The village and ferry were on the main stage route between Bath and Wiscasset until the 1870s, and retains a concentration of well-preserved 18th and early 19th-century houses. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Woolwich has seen colonial settlement since the mid-17th century, and was the site of one of the last Native American attacks on the lower Kennebec River. Originally part of Georgetown, Woolwich was incorporated in 1759. The Days Ferry village became the site of the principal river crossing on the lower Kennebec, and the stagecoach road was built from the ferry to Wiscasset further east. Economic activity in the area included shipbuilding, ice harvesting, fishing, and brickmaking. Bath, its commercial center located downriver a few miles, was economically more important, and in the 1870s a steam ferry began operating there, reducing the importance of Days Ferry.</p><br>
<p>The Days Ferry village is centered at the junction of River Road (Maine State Route 128) and the Old Stage Road. There is a cluster of residences near this junction, which gradually disperses to the south and east. On the north side of Old State Road stand a cluster of civic buildings, including the c. 1833 Days Ferry Church, the 1808 schoolhouse, and the fine c. 1833 Federal style house historically occupied by the village doctor. Right near the junction stands the village&#39;s oldest house, the 1750 Samuel Harden House, a classic five-bay Colonial with a combination of Georgian and Federal styles. At the southern end of the district, near the junction of SR 128 with Maine State Route 127, stands the c. 1777 house of Jonathan Preble. Most of the remaining houses are modest 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 story structures, either brick or wood frame, with Federal or Greek Revival styling. There are few buildings built after 1850 in the area.</p><br>
